NPM1は非常に酸性度の高いタンパク質であり、塩基性のヒストンタンパク質と直接結合することができる。NPM1のヒストンへの結合は0.5 M KClという高塩濃度条件下でも維持され、静電的相互作用による強力な結合が生じていることが示唆される。しかしながら、NPM1のコアドメインの結晶構造からは、ヒストンへの結合を担っているのは静電的相互作用のみではないことが示唆されている。NPM1はコアヒストンの中でH2B、H3、H4とは直接結合するが、H2AとはH2A-H2B二量体またはコアヒストン八量体の状態でのみ結合する。NPM1はin vitroでヌクレオソームを組み立て、ヌクレオプラスミン(英語版)と同様に精子のクロマチンを脱凝縮することができる。NPM1のヒストンシャペロン活性は転写時のヌクレオソームの解体に関与しており、結果として転写を活性化することが示唆されている。また、核小体の中でのヒストンシャペロンとしての機能も予測されている。NPM1の枯渇またはヒストンシャペロン活性を欠く変異体NPM1の過剰発現は、rDNAの転写の低下をもたらす。また、NPM1はリンカーヒストンH1にも結合することができ、クロマチンへの組み立てまたは解体を促進する。
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