African Americans

African Americans
	Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census
Total population
	46,936,733 (2020); 14.2% of the total U.S. population (2020); 41,104,200 (2020) (one race); 12.4% of the total U.S. population (2020)
Regions with significant populations
Texas	3,552,997
Georgia	3,320,513
Florida	3,246,381
New York	2,986,172
North Carolina	2,140,217
Maryland	1,820,472
Illinois	1,808,271
Virginia	1,607,581
Ohio	1,478,781
Louisiana	1,464,023
Pennsylvania	1,423,169
Michigan	1,376,579
Alabama	1,296,162
Languages
	English (American English dialects, African-American English); Louisiana Creole; Gullah Creole English; African languages
Religion
	Predominantly Protestant (71 %) including Historically Black Protestant (53%), Evangelical Protestant (14%), and Mainline Protestant (4%); significant others include Catholic (5%), Jehovah's Witnesses (2%), Muslim (2%), and unaffiliated (18%)

African Americans are citizens who live in the United States whose ancestors were from Africa.

The term is usually associated with black people. This is because many African Americans have dark skin passed down by Sub-Saharan African ancestors. Many Africans were brought to the United States in the Atlantic slave trade. African Americans make up a large part of the population, especially in urban centers but also in rural areas in the Southern United States. Detroit has the highest percent of blacks in the nation. Cities with the highest percent of African Americans are Jackson, Mississippi; New Orleans; Memphis; Miami Gardens; and Savannah, Georgia. New York City and Chicago have the largest population of African Americans. Other cities with a high African American population are Baltimore, Houston, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Baton Rouge, Washington, D.C. and Dallas. States with the highest percentage of African Americans are Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Maryland, South Carolina, Alabama, Delaware, North Carolina, Virginia and Tennessee. African Americans are third largest ethnic group in the United States after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans. African Americans are the second largest ancestral group in the United States after Germans. Many African Americans have European and Native American ancestry. The first African slaves were brought on a Dutch boat from Angola in 1619 to the British colony of Jamestown in Virginia. New York City has the largest African American population by city.

African Americans, commonly referred to as black individuals, have been present in America since the 15th century, coinciding with the onset of western colonization that followed the European discovery of maritime routes around Africa's southern coast in 1488 and the subsequent discovery of what would eventually be known as America in 1492. The transatlantic slave trade of the 1500s, often termed the triangular trade, was characterized by the interconnections among three continents, with Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and France serving as the primary nations involved in this trading system, which persisted well into the 1800s. The designation 'African American' can be misleading, as it encompasses a diverse ethnic and cultural group of black individuals with historical connections to America, Africa, Europe, and Spain, in addition to the indigenous peoples of America. African Americans have significantly contributed to the development of the United States, both those who were free and those who were enslaved. They participated in various conflicts, including the American Revolution of 1775, where individuals such as Salem Poor and Peter Salem, both freed blacks, received notable recognition for their valor. African Americans also fought in the War of 1812 and the Civil War of 1861. Black soldiers were involved in artillery and infantry roles, as well as performing all non-combat support functions essential for troop sustenance. Contributions came from black carpenters, chaplains, cooks, guards, laborers, nurses, scouts, spies, steamboat pilots, surgeons, and teamsters. There were nearly 80 commissioned black officers. Although black women were not formally allowed to enlist in the Army, they served as nurses, spies, and scouts, with Harriet Tubman being the most renowned for her role as a scout for the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers.

Prior to the genocide of Indigenous peoples, the enslavement of African Americans, and the onset of European colonialism, the United States was predominantly populated by Native Americans. European colonists, primarily of white British descent, exploited West Africans through slavery, decimated the Indigenous Native American population, and forcibly relocated Native Americans to reservations, all in pursuit of white supremacy, wealth, and power in the United States. A significant number of white Americans and Native Americans were slave owners of African Americans. Following President Donald Trump's inauguration in 2016, there has been a concerning 55% rise in memberships of far-right white supremacist groups, along with an increase in hate crimes targeting African Americans perpetrated by white people.

Ethnicity

African-American refers to a specific range of diverse cultures with a common thread of ethnic connection to Africa. This term was created to describe an ethnic/cultural link to Africa for people who are American, somewhat like the case of Italian Americans, Irish Americans, or Polish Americans. However, a description based on language may be very different from one based on skin color.

The 'African' in African-American acknowledges the connection to a number of African cultures, not one in particular. The 'American' shows the nationality and culture of the United States. A person born in Nigeria is still Nigerian even if he or she comes to the United States and lives here for the rest of their life. If that person wants to say that they are an American citizen, they would simply say "I am an American citizen". His American-born children might call themselves Nigerian-American OR African-American.

Some Caribbeans such as Jamaicans do not identify as African American, even if they have African ancestry.

Black

In America, the term 'Black' is often applied to other ethnic groups throughout the world who do not necessarily see themselves as Black, such as Australian Aborigines, for example. African American culture was born in the United States and is distinct from any single Sub-Saharan African culture.

African-American is a term that many Black people chose to call themselves because they found the term "Negro" offensive, .

In America there are many immigrants of mixed race that includes Sub-Saharan African descent, like Cape Verdeans, Dominicans, Cubans, Brazilians and Puerto Ricans. These groups, by and large, do not think of themselves as Black or African American and object to these labels, mainly due to self-hate.

Many mixed race Americans also resist pressure to identify themselves as Black or White. Many biracial individuals who have a white parent often identify as black because of the one-drop rule, which was established by white Americans in the United States to completely distance themselves from the black race.

Population statistics

Alabama has a large population of African Americans. African Americans were enslaved in the state.

African Americans constitute 15.4 percent of Arkansas’s population, according to the 2010 census, and they have been present in Arkansas since the earliest days of European settlement. Originally brought to Arkansas in large numbers as slaves, people of African ancestry drove the state’s plantation economy until long after the Civil War. African Americans have exerted a profound influence upon all aspects of the state’s history and culture.

Atlanta was the home of Martin Luther King Jr. and an important place in the Civil Rights Movement. It has been referred to as a "black mecca".

Delaware has a significant African American population. African Americans were enslaved in the state. In 1721, an estimated 2,000-5,000 black slaves lived in Pennsylvania and the three lower counties on the Delaware.

As of the 2010 U.S. Census, African Americans were 31.2% of Georgia's population.

The first black people to live in Texas were Afro-Mexicans when Texas was a Spanish colony. Texas has one of the largest African-American populations in the country. African Americans are concentrated in northern, eastern and east-central Texas as well as the Dallas, Houston and San Antonio metropolitan areas. African Americans form 24 percent of both the cities of Dallas and Houston, 19% of Fort Worth, 8.1 percent of Austin, and 7.5 percent of San Antonio.

Virginia is home to the longest continuous experience of African American life and culture in the United States spanning more than four centuries – beginning before the first English settlement at Jamestown and through the Revolutionary War, Civil War, Emancipation and the Civil Rights eras.

Outside of the United States, the history of African Americans in Ghana goes back to people such as American civil rights activist and writer W. E. B. Du Bois, who settled in Ghana in the last years of his life and is buried in the capital Accra. Since then, other African Americans who are descended from slaves imported from areas within the present-day jurisdiction of Ghana and neighboring states have applied for permanent resident status in Ghana. As of 2015, the number of African American residents has been estimated at 3,000 people, a large portion of whom live in Accra.

Texas has the largest African American population of any state in 2019. Followed by, Florida, Georgia and New York. The New York City metropolitan area has the largest African American metropolitan population. In 2019, the South had the largest black population by region.

New York City has had the largest number of African Americans by city, followed by Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia and Houston.

African Americans from north are moving back to the Southern United States and the suburbs. African Americans are moving to smaller cities especially in Fort Worth, Texas, Columbus, Ohio, Jacksonville, Florida and Charlotte, North Carolina.

There is an African American community in Arkansas. African Americans make up 15.4 percent of Arkansas's population.

1.2 million African Americans are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.

Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia had the largest black population by percentage in 2020.

A significant number of Black Americans reside in the Southern United States, a consequence of the historical legacy of slavery in this region. Southern cities such as Memphis, Augusta in Georgia, Birmingham in Alabama, Shreveport in Louisiana, Montgomery in Alabama, and Jackson in Mississippi are notable for having predominantly Black populations.

Genetic studies

Many African Americans have European ancestry and Native American along with African ancestry.

Recent surveys of African Americans using a genetic testing service have found varied ancestries. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% West African, 16.7%–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation between individuals.

African American men have the second highest interracial marriage rate, behind Asian American women. Interracial marriage between African Americans and white people has rapidly increased.

History

Native Americans were initially subjected to enslavement by Spanish colonial powers; however, their populations experienced catastrophic decline due to Spanish infectious diseases, including smallpox. Certain Spanish explorers from Spain also transported individuals of African descent to the territory that would become the United States prior to British colonization. Subsequently, English colonizers and French colonizers implemented large-scale enslavement of African Americans, particularly throughout Southern slave states including Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, and Louisiana. White men exploited African enslaved laborers to accumulate wealth and to establish and maintain systems of racial dominance. In pursuit of territorial expansion and economic gain, European American settlers engaged in the systematic enslavement of African peoples and the subjugation of Native American populations. These actions were justified through the ideological framework of Manifest Destiny, a doctrine that promoted the belief in the inherent superiority of white settlers and their perceived right to occupy and develop the North American continent, resulting in the displacement, decimation, and cultural destruction of indigenous nations. Juan Garrido holds the distinction of being the inaugural African individual to undertake exploration of the United States during the era of Spanish colonial expansion. He accompanied the renowned Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León during the expedition to Florida in 1513.

The institution of slavery originated through Spanish and Portuguese colonial enterprises when indigenous populations, including the Taíno of Hispaniola in contemporary Haiti and the Dominican Republic, experienced demographic collapse. English colonists subsequently adopted the enslavement practices established by Spanish and Portuguese settlements. Observing the considerable wealth accumulated by Portuguese and Spanish merchants through Atlantic slave trade operations, white English colonists proceeded to implement African American enslavement in Virginia. White people of French and Dutch ancestry also owned African American slaves in the United States. The white Dutch colonists owned African Americans in the New York area. The French also engaged in the enslavement of Native Americans, a practice that distinguished them from the Spanish, who prohibited such enslavement based on the doctrine that Native Americans constituted subjects of the Spanish Crown. Nevertheless, owing to their knowledge of the North American territories, Native Americans frequently managed to escape from French captivity. It was very hard for white Europeans to enslave Native Americans so they turned to Africans because they couldn’t escape like Native Americans. Scottish Americans and the Welsh also owned black slaves.

Most of the first African Americans were brought to North America as part of the Atlantic slave trade. African slaves were brought to North America from 1619 to 1808. After the United States became independent, slavery became illegal in most northern states. At the same time, slavery grew more important to the economy of the southern states. Many African American slaves worked on plantations (large farms) that grew cotton and tobacco. Plantation work was very difficult and slaves were often whipped and physically punished. It was illegal for slaves to learn how to read and write. White men often raped slave women, but were not punished.

At the same time, there were many free African Americans in the north. Unlike slaves, they were allowed to start churches, write newspapers, and sometimes own property. Frederick Douglass was an important abolitionist (fighter against slavery). Harriet Tubman helped to create the Underground Railroad, which helped African Americans to sneak away from their masters and become free. During the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865, the south broke away from the United States to form the Confederate States of America, or Confederacy. The United States won the war, and in 1865, it freed all slaves (about 4 million) by the 13th amendment.

African Americans were not slaves anymore, but white southerners passed laws called Black Codes that took away their freedom. Some African Americans served in government, but after 1877, the white southerners mostly kept them out of government. Whites founded the Ku Klux Klan to scare African Americans and stop them from voting. Most southern African Americans became sharecroppers. Sharecropping was a system in which the farmers rented the land from the landowner and had to pay the landowner part of their crops. Jim Crow laws segregated white and black people. Black people had to go to different schools and usually live in different neighborhoods than white people. Many businesses were for whites only. The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson said that black and white facilities could be separate but equal, but facilities for black people were usually worse. Lynching was often practiced against African Americans. White people used lynching to control and terrorize African Americans.

In the early 1900s, African American culture grew with the Harlem Renaissance, an artistic and literary movement in New York City. The NAACP was founded to improve the lives of African Americans. Leaders had different ideas about what was best for African Americans. Booker T. Washington thought they should go to vocational schools to get better jobs. W.E.B. Du Bois thought university education was more important. Marcus Garvey believed that African Americans should move to Africa to have a country of their own. During the Great Migration, from the 1910s to the 1960s, African Americans moved from the south to cities in the north and west. At the beginning, only 10% of African Americans lived outside the south, but by the end, 47% lived in the north and west. Segregation also existed in the north. Redlining stopped people who lived in African American neighborhoods from buying homes.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement called for equality between African Americans and whites. The 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education banned racial segregation in schools. Many Southern schools still stopped black students from attending, until 1957, when federal troops forced a school in Little Rock, Arkansas to allow black students (called the Little Rock Nine). In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus. This started the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which involved Martin Luther King. King and Malcolm X were two leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, but they were both killed in the 1960s. In 1960, Saul Alinsky made the The Woodlawn Organization in a neighborhood that was almost African-American. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act banned discrimination based on race.

Racism against African Americans is still prevalent in 2020. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, George Floyd was killed by a white police officer. Black Lives Matter is a movement which started in 2013.

In the years that followed the Revolutionary War, the rural South—where slavery had firmly established its roots in North America—encountered a significant economic downturn. The soil that had once been fertile for tobacco, the predominant cash crop of the time, had become depleted, while other crops like rice and indigo struggled to yield substantial profits. Consequently, the value of enslaved black individuals began to decline, casting doubt on the future expansion of slavery. Concurrently, the textile industry in England underwent a transformation due to the mechanization of spinning and weaving, leading to an insatiable demand for American cotton. However, production was hampered by the labor-intensive task of hand-removing seeds from raw cotton fibers. In 1793, a young schoolteacher from the North, Eli Whitney, devised a remarkable solution: the cotton gin, a straightforward mechanized apparatus that efficiently separated seeds from cotton, which could be operated manually or, on a larger scale, powered by horses or water. The cotton gin quickly gained popularity, and within a few years, the South shifted its reliance from tobacco cultivation to cotton production. As the burgeoning cotton industry inevitably spurred a heightened demand for enslaved black people, the fear of slave uprisings—similar to the successful revolt in Haiti in 1791—prompted slaveholders to intensify their efforts to avert a comparable situation in the South. In the same year, Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Act, rendering it a federal offense to aid an enslaved person attempting to flee. Although enforcement proved challenging across state lines, particularly amid the rising abolitionist sentiments in the North, the law served to entrench and legitimize slavery as a lasting institution in America.

The slave ship served as the vessel through which approximately 12.5 million enslaved blacks were forcibly transported from Africa to the Americas between the years 1500 and 1866, as part of the transatlantic slave trade. These ships varied significantly in size, from the modest ten-ton Hesketh, capable of accommodating a crew alongside thirty captive Africans, to the formidable 566-ton Parr, which housed a crew of 100 and could carry a staggering 700 enslaved individuals. Within the lower deck of a slave ship, compartments were meticulously divided for men and women; men were shackled in pairs, while women, though unchained, remained confined below deck. The conditions aboard were horrendous, with countless individuals crammed together, suffering from inadequate airflow and abysmal sanitation. Captive black people endured a myriad of afflictions, including dysentery and smallpox, alongside the psychological torment of depression and despair, compounded by the brutality of the captain and crew, as well as sexual exploitation. Consequently, mortality rates soared, averaging over 20 percent for captive blacks during the initial decades of the slave trade, decreasing to about 10 percent by the year 1800. The looming threat of mutiny or revolt necessitated a stringent approach to discipline; both crew members and captive cargo were frequently subjected to whipping, with more severe forms of punishment, such as thumbscrews, employed to maintain control over the Africans. Nevertheless, resistance was not uncommon among the enslaved. Some chose to end their suffering by leaping overboard or refusing to eat, while others attempted to orchestrate insurrections, though the overwhelming firepower wielded by the crew meant that few revolts were successful.

Virginia was the state with the highest number of enslaved individuals. In this region, white men frequently exploited black slaves for both wealth and gratification. This intricate and economically essential practice persisted in Virginia from the late eighteenth century until the conclusion of the American Civil War (1861–1865), only ceasing with the abolition of slavery. The sales of enslaved labor in Virginia surpassed those of all other states in the Upper South, with Richmond emerging as the leading city for such transactions. The domestic slave trade's origins can be traced back to the end of primogeniture and entail in Virginia, which fragmented large estates and their often extensive enslaved populations. The burgeoning cotton industry in the Lower South, coupled with the cessation of the transatlantic slave trade in 1808, further fueled the market for Virginia's enslavers, who hurried to sell enslaved individuals to satisfy the rising demand for labor. Across Virginia and the Upper South, a vast network of traders acquired enslaved laborers and transported them to urban centers, where they were confined in so-called slave jails, typically situated on the premises of large enterprises. After enduring confinement in these facilities, sometimes for weeks, enslaved individuals faced invasive physical examinations before being auctioned off, often to another trader. It was not uncommon for these auctions to lead to the irrevocable separation of families. Following the sale, enslaved individuals were moved on foot in "coffles," by rail, or by boat to the Lower South. In a noted contradiction, several affluent Virginia slave traders also fathered children and established families with enslaved and non-white women.

In late August 1619, Virginia welcomed its first Africans at Point Comfort, located at the southern tip of the Virginia peninsula. Here, over twenty individuals, referred to as "20. and odd Negroes," were brought aboard the English ship White Lion and exchanged for provisions, with some subsequently transported to Jamestown for resale. Just a few days later, another English vessel, the Treasurer, docked in Virginia, where its captain sold an additional two or three Africans. While historians have traditionally believed these individuals originated from the Caribbean, Spanish documentation indicates they were actually captured from a Spanish-controlled region in West Central Africa. It is likely they spoke Kimbundu and many may have possessed some familiarity with Catholicism. They were originally aboard the São João Bautista, en route to Mexico, when they were seized by the White Lion and the Treasurer. Upon their arrival in Virginia, they were scattered throughout the colony. By 1620, the African population in Virginia had grown to thirty-two, but this number sharply declined by 1624, likely due to disease and possibly the impact of the Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1622–1632). Evidence indicates that many were baptized and adopted Christian names, with some, such as Anthony and Mary Johnson, achieving freedom and acquiring land. The arrival of a ship carrying approximately 100 Angolans in 1628 led to a significant increase in the black population within the colony.

Language and society

In the United States when Americans say African-American or Black, they are referring to the same people. Both terms describe an ethnic group that came to exist in the United States. The Africans who were brought to America as slaves were from different nationalities and did not all speak the same language. They became a new blended ethnic group with a new language that was not their own: English.

Most African Americans speak a variety of American English called African American Vernacular English, an ethnolect descended from certain varieties of Southern American English

In Louisiana, some blacks speak Louisiana Creole, a Creole language similar to French. In the 19th century, the majority of south Louisiana's blacks spoke Louisiana Creole. The Gullah of the Sea Islands off the Carolina and Georgia coasts still speak a language that is a blend of several African languages.

Blacks used to be segregated in schools but since the 1960s were able to join major schools, colleges and universities. In the second half of the 20th century, reading-ability rates for blacks increased.

Culture

Black culture in the United States is influenced by African, North American and Native American cultures. African Americans have influenced various forms of music, including Hip hop, R&B, funk, rock and roll, soul, blues, and other contemporary American musical forms while older black forms of music included blues, doo-wop, barbershop, ragtime, bluegrass, jazz, and gospel music. Michael Jackson, an African-American pop singer, released an album called Thriller in 1982 which is the best-selling album of all time. In the nineties Beyonce Knowles became famous as the lead singer of the R&B girl band Destiny's Child. In the 2000s she started releasing music on her own. Her first album Dangerously in Love sold 11 million copies and won five Grammy Awards.

Black culture has been the subject of documentaries. For example, the award-winning Black Is, Black Ain't explores black identity. Good Hair discusses the significance of having 'good hair' for black women in American culture.

There is a National Museum of African American History and Culture]] in [[Washington D.C.

Protestant Christianity is the most practised religion by African Americans.

Soul food is a cuisine eaten by African Americans in the South. Fried chicken, mac and cheese, cornbread, collard greens and candied yams is typical soul food. Soul food has West African, English, French, Caribbean, and Native American influences. African Americans have influenced American cuisine. Staples such as coffee, peanuts, millet, okra, sorghum, watermelon, and yams were brought to America from Africa during the slave trade. African slaves have influenced American dishes such as gumbo and jambalaya. Soul food originated from slavery when European (white) slave owners would feed black people the offal.

Kwanzaa and Juneteenth are popular African American holidays.

Certain African Americans, particularly those in New Orleans and Louisiana, engage in the practices of Voodoo and Hoodoo witchcraft, which are rooted in African religions brought over by Haitian and West African slaves.

Racism and issues

The Atlantic slave trade was rooted in white supremacy, leading to the ongoing marginalization of many African Americans, a direct consequence of the legacy left by slavery and white slave ownership. White supremacy embodies the notion that white individuals are superior to their black counterparts, and as a result, numerous white Americans continue to reap the benefits of white privilege, a remnant of European colonialism.

White people often considered black people inferior.

African Americans are more likely to experience racism. African American males are more likely to be killed by police, which resulted in the Black Lives Matter movement. African Americans are more likely to die from diseases like COVID-19, HIV, obesity and diabetes. African Americans still suffer from poverty and unemployment. African Americans are more likely to eat fast food. Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and homicide is the main causes of death for African Americans.

There has been a rise in hate crimes targeting Black individuals in the United States, as well as an increase in white supremacy, following Donald Trump's election victory in 2016 and throughout his political campaigns.

The suicide rate for African Americans increased due to racism, police brutality and the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2022, a white gunman killed ten African Americans at a grocery store in Buffalo, New York. 32% of African Americans said they worry every day that they might be threatened or attacked because of their race.

African Americans have a harder time getting good jobs because of their race.

55% of African American adults have high blood pressure.

African Americans are more likely to become homeless than whites. African Americans make up 40 percent of the homeless population in the United States.

African Americans are more likely to get punished and arrested for drugs such as marijuana than whites.

African Americans are more likely to experience hunger and lack of access to food.

African Americans are more likely to catch monkeypox and less likely to receive vaccines for the disease.

The oppression faced by African Americans is comparable to the discrimination and persecution experienced by the Roma (Gypsies) in Europe. Just as African Americans are celebrated for their musical contributions like jazz, the Romani are recognized for their music, including flamenco. Both groups are cherished for their musical talents yet face prejudice because of their ethnic backgrounds due to harmful stereotypes. There exists a profound solidarity between African Americans and Hispanics, particularly those of Mexican descent.

Colorism is also prevalent in the black community today. Lighter skinned blacks and mixed race blacks are often treated better than dark skinned blacks. Colorism originated during slavery. White slave masters treated mixed-race slaves better than monoracial dark skinned black slaves. Light skinned black slaves were thought of as more intelligent and beautiful.

Historically, Native Americans faced white supremacy in the United States, but their suffering came through genocide and ethnic cleansing, unlike the slavery exploitation endured by African Americans.

Throughout European colonialism, numerous harmful stereotypes about African Americans emerged, depicting them as thugs, the Mandingo who assaults white women, and as robbers and thieves associated with backwardness, lewdness, treachery, and dishonesty. In media, particularly in video games and rap music, Black men are frequently portrayed as thugs, rappers, and criminals. The black brute stereotype depicts black men as naturally violent, beastly, harmful, and criminal rapists who frequently rape white women.

Related pages

References

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↑ Baharian, Soheil; Barakatt, Maxime; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Shringarpure, Suyash; Errington, Jacob; Blot, William J.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Kenny, Eimear E.; Williams, Scott M.; Aldrich, Melinda C.; Gravel, Simon (May 27, 2016). "The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity". PLOS Genetics. 12 (5) e1006059. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4883799. PMID 27232753. S2CID 10501185.
↑ "Interracial marriage: Who is 'marrying out'?" (PDF).
↑ Qian, Zhenchao; Lichter, Daniel (October 2011). "Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society". Journal of Marriage and Family. 73: 1065–1084.
↑ "Slavery in America".
↑ "Native American Cultures".
↑ "Manifest Destiny".
↑ United States History - Part A.
↑ "Juan Garrido".
↑ "Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1640".
↑ "Black history and Dutch slavery in New York, a story".
↑ "1718: African Slavery in the French and Spanish Colonies".
↑ "Indian Slavery in the Americas".
↑ "The experiences of Scots in the American Colonies".
↑ "Understanding Trans-Atlantic Slavery".
↑ "BEFORE FREEDOM" (PDF).
↑ Everywhere in Chains | Wales and Slavery | eBook | English
1 2 3 "Black History Milestones: Timeline". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks, LLC. October 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
↑ "Slave Life and Slave Codes [ushistory.org]". www.ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
↑ "African American Odyssey: Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period (Part 1)". memory.loc.gov. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
↑ "Sharecropping". HISTORY. June 24, 2010. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
↑ "History of Lynching in America".
↑ Wilkerson, Isabel. "The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
↑ "A Look Back at Segregation in the United States". HISTORY. November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
↑ "Black Lives Matter | Definition, Founders, Goals, History, & Influence | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
↑ "Black History Milestones: Timeline".
↑ "Slave Ships".
↑ "The 'White Lion' Slave Ship, a story".
↑ "The Domestic Slave Trade in Virginia".
↑ "Sexual Exploitation of the Enslaved".
↑ "The Abolition of Slavery in Virginia".
↑ "Slavery during the Civil War".
↑ "Virginia's First Africans".
↑ "The English history of African American English".
↑ "Louisiana links blacks to their French roots - CSMonitor.com". www.csmonitor.com.
↑ "Pan-African Flag".
↑ Cultural Revolutions: Everyday Life and Politics in Britain, North America, and France.
↑ "National Museum of African American History & Culture | Washington, DC, USA | Attractions". Lonely Planet.
↑ Mitchell, Travis (February 16, 2021). "Faith Among Black Americans".
↑ Packard, Jennifer (December 1, 2017). A Taste of Broadway: Food in Musical Theater. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442267329 – via Google Books.
↑ Finkelman, Paul (April 6, 2006). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-516777-1 – via Google Books.
↑ My Grandmother's Deep South Soul Food Cookbook Volume 2.
↑ "African American Holidays: Kwanzaa, Juneteenth, Martin Luther King Jr. Day". www.infoplease.com.
↑ "Voodoo from Haiti to New Orleans".
↑ [african american religion voodoo hoodoo louisiana "Hoodoo vs. Voodoo: What's the Real Difference?"]. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
↑ "White Supremacy".
↑ "White Supremacy and Privilege: Legacies of Slavery".
↑ "Weekend Read: Slavery shaped America's pathology on race and whiteness".
↑ Race and Racism in the United States.
↑ "The Historical Origins and Development of Racism". PBS. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
↑ Noonan, Allan S.; Velasco-Mondragon, Hector Eduardo; Wagner, Fernando A. (October 3, 2016). "Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice". Public Health Reviews. 37 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4. ISSN 2107-6952. PMC 5810013. PMID 29450054.
↑ "Southern Poverty Law Center Reports 'Outbreak of Hate' After Election".
↑ "Wave of racist messages sent after Trump's victory raises alarm".
↑ Tareen, Sophia (July 12, 2020). "Pandemic, racism compound worries about Black suicide rate". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
↑ Gramlich, John (May 20, 2022). "Safety concerns were top of mind for many Black Americans before Buffalo shooting".
↑ "African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs". December 5, 2019.
↑ "High Blood Pressure Among Black People". www.heart.org.
↑ "Racial Inequalities in Homelessness, by the Numbers". National Alliance to End Homelessness. August 26, 2025.
↑ "Black and white Americans use drugs at similar rates. One group is punished more for it". www.vox.com. March 17, 2015.
↑ https://www.bread.org/sites/default/files/african-american-fact-sheet-february-2017.pdf
↑ "Fewer Black people receiving monkeypox vaccine doses compared to general public, CDC says". PBS NewsHour. August 26, 2022.
↑ Blackening Europe.
↑ "Just Neighbors? Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States".
↑ "Do Blacks and Hispanics Get Along?".
↑ "Colorism Among the Black Community". Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
↑ "Slavery, and American Racism, Were Born in Genocide".
↑ "Indian Removal Act: The Genocide of Native Americans".
↑ Popular and Pervasive Stereotypes of African Americans.
↑ Black Male Teachers.
↑ "NEGATIVE RACIAL STEREOTYPES AND THEIR EFFECT ON ATTITUDES TOWARD AFRICAN-AMERICANS".
↑ "Majority of Black Americans see racist or negative depictions in news media, new study finds".
↑ "THE BRUTE CARICATURE".
↑ "From "brute" to "thug:" the demonization and criminalization of unarmed Black male victims in America".

Notes

↑ Meaning "1 % or more"

Other websites

[2020USCensus-1] 1 2 3 4 https://census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html Archived 2021-10-07 at the Wayback Machine. 2020 U.S. Census

[2] "Black Population by State".

[4] "Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014)". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2019.

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[6] "Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States". WorldAtlas. July 18, 2019.

[7] Zakharia, Fouad; Basu, Analabha; Absher, Devin; Assimes, Themistocles L.; Go, Alan S.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Iribarren, Carlos; Knowles, Joshua W.; Li, Jun; Narasimhan, Balasubramanian; Sidney, Steven; Southwick, Audrey; Myers, Richard M.; Quertermous, Thomas; Risch, Neil; Tang, Hua (December 22, 2009). "Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans". Genome Biology. 10 (12): R141. doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141. ISSN 1465-6906. PMC 2812948. PMID 20025784.

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[auto-10] 1 2 Office, US Census Bureau Public Information. "Majority of African Americans Live in 10 States; New York City and Chicago Are Cities With Largest Black Populations - Census 2000 - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau". www.census.gov.

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[USA_Today-13] Forson, Tracy Scott (February 22, 2018). "Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.

[14] "The Aboriginal Australians: The First Inhabitants Of Australia Were Black People".

[15] "WHEN DID THE WORD NEGRO BECOME SOCIALLY UNACCEPTABLE? - OCTOBER 2010".

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[Slavery-18] Hebert, Keith S. (August 2, 2017). "Slavery". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Alliance. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.

[PolitiFact-19] Stirgus, Eric (June 28, 2011). "PolitiFact - Who's right? Cities lay claim to civil rights "cradle" mantle". PolitiFact. Poynter Institute 2020. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.

[ajc1-20] "A CHAMPION FOR ATLANTA: Maynard Jackson: 'Black mecca' burgeoned under leader", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 29, 2003.

[wapo1-21] "the city that calls itself America's ' Black Mecca'"; in William Booth, "Atlanta Is Less Than Festive on Eve of Another 'Freaknik'", The Washington Post, April 18, 1996.

[bullard-22] "'The Black Mecca' leads the nation in numbers of African American millionaires; at the same time, it leads the nation in the percentage of its children in poverty"; in Robert D. Bullard, The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-first Century: Race, Power, and Politics, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 151.

[23] Newton, James E. (June 27, 1997). "Black Americans in Delaware: An Overview". www1.udel.edu. University of Delaware. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.

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[blackmigration-26] Frey, William H. (May 2004). The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000 (Report). The Brookings Institution. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2008.

[27] "Texas – BlackDemographics.com". Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2021.

[28] "How the Eastside Became Home to San Antonio's Black Community". San Antonio Report. January 15, 2018. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2020.

[29] Greenwood, Shannon (March 25, 2021). "The Growing Diversity of Black America". Pew Research Center.

[30] "African Americans Moving South— and to the Suburbs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.

[31] US Black Population: the Biggest Growth Is in Smaller Cities

[32] "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas.

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[35] "From South Fulton to Shreveport: The Blackest Cities in America This Year".

[36] "Majority of the Black Population Lived in the South".

[Bryc2009-37] Bryc, Katarzyna; Auton, Adam; Nelson, Matthew R.; Oksenberg, Jorge R.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Williams, Scott; Froment, Alain; Bodo, Jean-Marie; Wambebe, Charles; Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (January 12, 2010). "Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (2): 786–791. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107..786B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909559107. PMC 2818934. PMID 20080753.

[Bryc_2015-38] Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 8, 2015). "The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 1537-6605. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636.

[Migration-39] Baharian, Soheil; Barakatt, Maxime; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Shringarpure, Suyash; Errington, Jacob; Blot, William J.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Kenny, Eimear E.; Williams, Scott M.; Aldrich, Melinda C.; Gravel, Simon (May 27, 2016). "The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity". PLOS Genetics. 12 (5) e1006059. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4883799. PMID 27232753. S2CID 10501185.

[40] "Interracial marriage: Who is 'marrying out'?" (PDF).

[41] Qian, Zhenchao; Lichter, Daniel (October 2011). "Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society". Journal of Marriage and Family. 73: 1065–1084.

[42] "Slavery in America".

[43] "Native American Cultures".

[44] "Manifest Destiny".

[45] United States History - Part A.

[46] "Juan Garrido".

[47] "Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1640".

[48] "Black history and Dutch slavery in New York, a story".

[49] "1718: African Slavery in the French and Spanish Colonies".

[50] "Indian Slavery in the Americas".

[51] "The experiences of Scots in the American Colonies".

[52] "Understanding Trans-Atlantic Slavery".

[53] "BEFORE FREEDOM" (PDF).

[54] Everywhere in Chains | Wales and Slavery | eBook | English

[Black_History-55] 1 2 3 "Black History Milestones: Timeline". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks, LLC. October 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[56] "Slave Life and Slave Codes [ushistory.org]". www.ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[57] "African American Odyssey: Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period (Part 1)". memory.loc.gov. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[58] "Sharecropping". HISTORY. June 24, 2010. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[59] "History of Lynching in America".

[60] Wilkerson, Isabel. "The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[61] "A Look Back at Segregation in the United States". HISTORY. November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[62] "Black Lives Matter | Definition, Founders, Goals, History, & Influence | Britannica". www.britannica.com.

[63] "Black History Milestones: Timeline".

[64] "Slave Ships".

[65] "The 'White Lion' Slave Ship, a story".

[66] "The Domestic Slave Trade in Virginia".

[67] "Sexual Exploitation of the Enslaved".

[68] "The Abolition of Slavery in Virginia".

[69] "Slavery during the Civil War".

[70] "Virginia's First Africans".

[71] "The English history of African American English".

[72] "Louisiana links blacks to their French roots - CSMonitor.com". www.csmonitor.com.

[73] "Pan-African Flag".

[74] Cultural Revolutions: Everyday Life and Politics in Britain, North America, and France.

[75] "National Museum of African American History & Culture | Washington, DC, USA | Attractions". Lonely Planet.

[76] Mitchell, Travis (February 16, 2021). "Faith Among Black Americans".

[77] Packard, Jennifer (December 1, 2017). A Taste of Broadway: Food in Musical Theater. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442267329 – via Google Books.

[78] Finkelman, Paul (April 6, 2006). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-516777-1 – via Google Books.

[79] My Grandmother's Deep South Soul Food Cookbook Volume 2.

[80] "African American Holidays: Kwanzaa, Juneteenth, Martin Luther King Jr. Day". www.infoplease.com.

[81] "Voodoo from Haiti to New Orleans".

[82] [african american religion voodoo hoodoo louisiana "Hoodoo vs. Voodoo: What's the Real Difference?"]. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)

[83] "White Supremacy".

[84] "White Supremacy and Privilege: Legacies of Slavery".

[85] "Weekend Read: Slavery shaped America's pathology on race and whiteness".

[86] Race and Racism in the United States.

[87] "The Historical Origins and Development of Racism". PBS. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2023.

[88] Noonan, Allan S.; Velasco-Mondragon, Hector Eduardo; Wagner, Fernando A. (October 3, 2016). "Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice". Public Health Reviews. 37 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4. ISSN 2107-6952. PMC 5810013. PMID 29450054.

[89] "Southern Poverty Law Center Reports 'Outbreak of Hate' After Election".

[90] "Wave of racist messages sent after Trump's victory raises alarm".

[91] Tareen, Sophia (July 12, 2020). "Pandemic, racism compound worries about Black suicide rate". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.

[92] Gramlich, John (May 20, 2022). "Safety concerns were top of mind for many Black Americans before Buffalo shooting".

[93] "African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs". December 5, 2019.

[94] "High Blood Pressure Among Black People". www.heart.org.

[95] "Racial Inequalities in Homelessness, by the Numbers". National Alliance to End Homelessness. August 26, 2025.

[96] "Black and white Americans use drugs at similar rates. One group is punished more for it". www.vox.com. March 17, 2015.

[97] ttps://www.bread.org/sites/default/files/african-american-fact-sheet-february-2017.pdf

[98] "Fewer Black people receiving monkeypox vaccine doses compared to general public, CDC says". PBS NewsHour. August 26, 2022.

[99] Blackening Europe.

[100] "Just Neighbors? Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States".

[101] "Do Blacks and Hispanics Get Along?".

[102] "Colorism Among the Black Community". Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.

[103] "Slavery, and American Racism, Were Born in Genocide".

[104] "Indian Removal Act: The Genocide of Native Americans".

[105] Popular and Pervasive Stereotypes of African Americans.

[106] Black Male Teachers.

[107] "NEGATIVE RACIAL STEREOTYPES AND THEIR EFFECT ON ATTITUDES TOWARD AFRICAN-AMERICANS".

[108] "Majority of Black Americans see racist or negative depictions in news media, new study finds".

[109] "THE BRUTE CARICATURE".

[110] "From "brute" to "thug:" the demonization and criminalization of unarmed Black male victims in America".

[3] Meaning "1 % or more"

v t e Demographics of the United States
Demographic history
Economic and social	Household income Income inequality
Religion	Buddhists Christians Jews
Race and ethnicity	People of the United States / Americans 2020 Census Racism White Americans: European Americans English Americans French Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Iranian Americans Israeli Americans White Hispanic and Latino Americans Black Americans: African Americans African immigrants to the United States Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans Asian Americans Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian Americans Japanese Americans Vietnamese Americans Americans from other parts of the Americas: Canadian Guyanese American Hispanic and Latino Americans Cuban Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans (Stateside) Native Americans and Alaska Natives Pacific Islander Americans Chamorro Americans Native Hawaiians Samoan Americans Other ethnic groups Romani people

Authority control databases
International	FAST
National	Germany United States France BnF data Czech Republic 2 Spain Taiwan Latvia Israel
Other	NARA Yale LUX

Total population
Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census
46,936,733 (2020) 14.2% of the total U.S. population (2020) 41,104,200 (2020) (one race) 12.4% of the total U.S. population (2020)
Regions with significant populations
Texas	3,552,997
Georgia	3,320,513
Florida	3,246,381
New York	2,986,172
North Carolina	2,140,217
Maryland	1,820,472
Illinois	1,808,271
Virginia	1,607,581
Ohio	1,478,781
Louisiana	1,464,023
Pennsylvania	1,423,169
Michigan	1,376,579
Alabama	1,296,162
Languages
English (American English dialects, African-American English) Louisiana Creole Gullah Creole English African languages
Religion
Predominantly Protestant (71 %) including Historically Black Protestant (53%), Evangelical Protestant (14%), and Mainline Protestant (4%); significant others include Catholic (5%), Jehovah's Witnesses (2%), Muslim (2%), and unaffiliated (18%)