Ariel Sharon

Ariel Sharon
אריאל שרון
Sharon speaking as Israeli Foreign Minister in the United States, 1998
11th Prime Minister of Israel
In office
7 March 2001 – 14 April 2006*
PresidentMoshe Katsav
DeputyEhud Olmert
Preceded byEhud Barak
Succeeded byEhud Olmert
Personal details
Born
Ariel Scheinermann

(1928-02-27)27 February 1928
Kfar Malal, British Mandate of Palestine
Died11 January 2014(2014-01-11) (aged 85)
Ramat Gan, Israel
Spouse(s)Margalit Sharon
(m. 1953–1962; her death)
Lily Sharon
(m. 1963–2000; her death)
ChildrenGur (dead), Omri, Gilad
Alma materHebrew University of Jerusalem
Tel Aviv University
ProfessionMilitary officer

Ariel Sharon (February 27, 1928 – January 11, 2014) was an Israeli general and politician. He was Prime Minister of Israel from 2001 to 2006. He fought in many battles for Israel. He was member of the Likud political party for a long time. From 1981 to 1983, he was the Israeli Minister of Defence. As Minister of Defence, he did not prevent the Sabra and Shatilla massacre in Lebanon. In September 2000, he visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Many people say this was the trigger for the Second Intifada. The Second Intifada was a big and long fight between Israel and Palestinians. Sharon fell into a coma in 2006. He never awoke from the coma, but died in 2014.

Early life

Sharon was born on February 27, 1928 in Kfar Malal, British-Palestine. As a teenager, he was in the Haganah group. Sharon fought in the 1948 Palestine War. Sharon then joined the Israeli Army in 1948. He fought in numerous battles.

Sharon started the group "Unit 101" in 1952. This group was part of the Israeli Army. The group is known for the Qibya massacre in 1953.

In 1956, the Suez War broke out. The Israeli Army lost 38 soldiers because Sharon ignored an order from his chief. Sharon also fought in the 1967 war. This 1967 war is also called the 6-Day War because it lasted for six days. Sharon was a major general in this war.

Sharon left the army in 1972 because he was not appointed IDF chief of staff. The IDF chief of staff is the highest officer in the Israeli Army. Sharon was not appointed because he often acted without approval from the Israeli Government. But he came back to the Army in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. After the war, he decided to go to politics.

Politics

Early steps

The Likud Party is an Israeli political party founded in 1973. Sharon was one of the founding members of Likud. A year later, in 1974, he was elected to the Knesset. The Knesset is the Israeli Parliament. In 1977, he became Minister of Agriculture. He was criticized for planning Israeli settlements (See below #Critics).

Minister of Defence (1981–1983)

In 1981 he became the Minister of Defence. In 1983, he was forced to quit the government as Minister of Defence after he was found guilty for failing to prevent the Sabra and Shatilla massacre in Lebanon. In this massacre, thousands of Palestinian civilians were killed by the right-wing Lebanese Phalange political party. (See below #Critics).

Later Ministerial Offices

Sharon was "Minister without portfolio" in 1983 and 1984. A Minister without portfolio is a member of the Government, but has no specific task in this Gevernment. Sharon was Minister of Industry and Trade from 1984 until 1990. From 1990 until 1992, Sharon was Minister of Construction and Housing. In 1996, Sharon became Minister of National Infrastructure. In 1998, he left this office to become the Israeli Foreign Minister. He left this office in 1999.

Second Intifada

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is an ongoing conflict between Israel and the Palestinian People over the geographic area of Palestine. The conflict started already before the 1948 Israeli Declaration of Indepence. Both sides claim overlapping territory in the area of Palestine. For example, both sides want to control the city of Jerusalem. Over the years, many people tried to end the conflict. In July 2000, three people made another attempt for peace. These people were the Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, the Palestinian President Yasser Arafat, and the President of the United States Bill Clinton. The three presidents meet in Camp David. Camp David is a place in the United States, so this meeting was called the 2000 Camp David Summit. But the meeting ended without a result.

Aerial view of the Temple Mount/al-Haram as-Sharif in Jerusalem.
The Temple Mount/al-Haram as-Sharif in Jerusalem.

A few weeks after the Camp David Summit ended, Sharon went onto the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. This happened on September 28, 2000. The Temple Mount is also known as al-Haram as-Sharif. Sharon was on the Temple Mount for about 45 minutes. Many police officers were together with Sharon on the Temple Mount. Some Palestinians protested against this. The protesters were angry about Ariel Sharon for being on the Temple Mount. The Temple Mount is a holy place for Jews, Muslims and Christians. A holy place is very important for members of a religion. The Temple Mount/al-Haram as-Sharif is governed by the Jerusalem Waqf. The Jerusalem Waqf is an islamic organization, so the Temple Mount/al-Haram as-Sharif is controlled by muslims. Most Palestinians are muslims. So, they think that the Temple Mount/al-Haram as-Sharif belongs to the Palestinians. At that time, Ariel Sharon was not in the Israeli Government. But he wanted to get elected to the government. The Palestinian protesters feared that Ariel Sharon would take the Temple Mount/al-Haram as-Sharif from them after he would be in the Israeli government.

Ariel Sharon said this after he was on the Temple Mount: "The Temple Mount is in our hands and will remain in our hands. It is the holiest site in Judaism and it is the right of every Jew to visit the Temple Mount". Ariel Sharon went onto the Temple Mount because he wanted to get elected. He wanted to show that he was stronger than Ehud Barak. Barak was the Israeli Prime Minister at that time.

The next day, September 29, 2000, Palestinians protested again in Jerusalem. These protests were more violent than the day before. The Israeli police fought against the protesters. Four Palestinians died in this fight. But the protests did not stop. Rather, the protests expanded over the whole of Israel and the Palestinian territories. The protests increased even more in violence. So did the reaction from the Israeli Police and the Israeli Army. The Palestinians protested especially against the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories. Occupation means that the area is not part of the state Israel, but Israel controls and governs the territories. The protesters were also frustrated that the 2000 Camp David Summit had ended without a result. Such large protests against a goverment are also called an uprising. The arabic word for uprising is intifada. Some people translate intifada as "shaking off". The Palestinians already protested from 1987 until 1993. This earlier protest is known as the First Intifada, so the protests in 2000 are called the Second Intifada. But Sergio Catignani, a professor in Exeter, says that the First and the Second Intifada are very different. Also Boaz Ganor, a professor in Herzliya, says that the Second Intifada was more violent than the First Intifada. In addition, many people use the name "al-Aqsa Intifada". Al-Aqsa is the arabic name for the islamic buildings on the Temple Mount/al-Haram as-Sharif. During the Second Intifada, about 1000 Israeli and about 3400 to 4900 Palestinians died. Many more were wounded. The Second Intifada stopped in 2005 when the king of Jordan and the presidents of Israel, Palestine and Egypt meet in Sharm El Sheikh.

Some people say the Second Intifada started before Ariel Sharon went to the Temple Mount. Other people do not agree with this statement. They say that Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount was the trigger for the Second Intifada. But they also say that there are many more causes for the Second Intifada.

Prime Minister (2001–2006)

On 6 February 2001, Sharon was elected Prime Minister of Israel. Before Sharon became Prime Minister, Ehud Barak was Prime Minister. Sharon was also elected because the Israeli public was unhappy with the 2000 Camp David Summit.

Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon shaking hands. President of the United States George W. Bush stands in the middle.
Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas, President of the United States George W. Bush, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in Aqaba on June 4, 2003.

He met with President of the United States George W. Bush and the Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas on June 4, 2003, in Aqaba. The three agreed to the "roadmap for peace". This was another plan to bring peace to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. But the roadmap for peace also failed.

In 2003, he said Israel will get out of the Gaza Strip. This surprised many people, because Israel had occupied the Gaza Strip since 1967. Around 9000 Israeli settlers left the Gaza Strip in August 2005.

On 8 February 2005, Sharon went to Sharm El Sheikh in Egypt. There, he met with Mahmoud Abbas. Abbas was the new President of Palestine. This meeting stopped the Second Intifada.

Also in 2005, Sharon founded the Kadima political party and left the Likud party.

Critics

Many people criticized Ariel Sharon for his actions. They say Ariel Sharon often broke the law. They also say Ariel Sharon was responsible for violence and people getting killed.

Ariel Sharon stands and presents a map.
Ariel Sharon stands in Karnei Shomron in 1984. He tells that he wants to build more Israeli settlements in Karnei Shomron. Karnei Shomron is in the West Bank area.

Sharon wanted a "'greater Israel' from the Mediterranean to the Jordan River". As a general, he forced Palestinians from refugee camps to leave the Gaza strip in 1969. Because this was against the will of these Palestinians, this is called a deportation. Sharon often planned and ordered Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza. The West Bank and Gaza were (and still are) occupied territories. But the Israeli settlements are connected to the state of Israel. The Israeli settlements are like Israeli cities outside of the state of Israel. Many people see Israeli settlements as illegal and breaking international law. As Prime Minister, Sharon changed his mind. He wanted to remove the Israeli settlements from the West Bank and Gaza. This was also criticized by some people because Sharon did not spoke with the Palestinians about it. The critics say Ariel Sharon did not treated the Palestinians as equal partners.

One of the biggest criticism against Ariel Sharon is the Sabra and Shatilla massacre in 1982. At that time, many Palestinian civilians were in refugee camps in Sabra and Shatilla. Sabra and Shatilla are in Lebanon. The Lebanese Phalange party went into the camps and killed many of those Palestinians. Between 800 and 3500 Palestinians died. The Israeli army was around the camps. The Israeli officers knew the Phalange party could harm and kill the Palestinians. But the Israeli army still allowed the Phalange party to enter the camps. At that time, Ariel Sharon was Israeli Minister of Defence. This means, he was the chief of the Israeli army. He allowed that the Phalange party could enter the Sabra and Shatilla camps. The Kahan Commission was an Israeli committee. It investigated the Sabra and Shatilla massacre. The Kahan Commission found that the Israeli army had a duty to care for the Palestinians in the camps. But the army did not care. The Commission also said that Ariel Sharon was responsible for the massacre, because he did not prevent it. Some people even say that Sharon was "the Butcher of Beirut". Because of this, Ariel Sharon had to resign from his office as Minister of Defence in 1983. But he was still in the Israeli Government until 1992. In 2001, a criminal proceeding started against Ariel Sharon. The case was before a Belgian court. Sharon was accused of having committed war crimes in Sabra and Shatilla. But he was not convicted because he had immunity from prosecution.

Ariel Sharon was also criticized for his Temple Mount visit in September 2000 (See below #Second Intifada).

Others have praised him for his success as a military general.

Health

In December 2005, Sharon was taken into hospital. On January 4, 2006, Sharon was again brought to the hospital. He had a big stroke (bleeding in the brain).

Rumours spread immediately of his death, though these were denied by his physicians. It was soon reported and later confirmed that Sharon was in a coma. Ehud Olmert, another member of Sharon's newly formed Kadima party, was acting Prime Minister until elections were held in Israel, after which Olmert became Prime Minister of Israel.

Death

Sharon died on 11 January 2014. He died from kidney failure and stroke complications at the hospital in Ramat Gan. He had been in a coma since 2006. He was aged 85.

His state funeral was held on 13 January. He was buried in line with Jewish burial customs. It was held as soon after death as possible. The day before the funeral, Sharon's body and coffin were placed in the Knesset building for people to see. His funeral began with an official ceremony held in the Knesset chamber. Politicians from Israel and other countries attended. His funeral was then held at his family's farm in the Negev desert. Sharon was buried there beside his wife, Lily.

Leaders attended his funeral service included U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, former Dutch Prime Minister Wim Kok, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, Czech Prime Minister Jiří Rusnok and German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier.

References

  1. ↑ Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 249. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  2. ↑ Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 151. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  3. ↑ Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 249. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  4. ↑ Power, Jonathan (2017). Ending war crimes, chasing the war criminals. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library. Leiden Boston: Brill Nijhoff. p. 55. ISBN 978-90-04-34634-5.
  5. ↑ Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 249–50. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  6. ↑ Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 250–1. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  7. ↑ Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 151. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  8. ↑ Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 151. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  9. ↑ Staff, Al Jazeera. "Sabra and Shatila massacre: What happened in Lebanon in 1982?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  10. ↑ Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 151. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  11. ↑ Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 252. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  12. ↑ Power, Jonathan (2017). Ending war crimes, chasing the war criminals. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library. Leiden Boston: Brill Nijhoff. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-34634-5.
  13. ↑ "Ariel Sharon". www.gov.il. Retrieved 2026-05-29.
  14. ↑ Ganor, Boaz (2021). Israel's counterterrorism strategy: origins to the present. Columbia studies in terrorism and irregular warfare. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-231-19922-3.
  15. ↑ Zunes, Stephen (2001). "The United States and the Breakdown of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process". Middle East Policy. 8 (4): 66–70. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2001.tb00009.x. ISSN 1061-1924.
  16. 1 2 3 Sasley, Brent E. (2022-09-16), "The End of Oslo and the Second Intifada, 2000–2005", Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 160, doi:10.4324/9780429027376-13, ISBN 978-0-429-02737-6, retrieved 2026-05-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  17. 1 2 3 Goldenberg, Suzanne (2000-09-29). "Rioting as Sharon visits Islam holy site". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-05-28.
  18. 1 2 3 Barari, Hassan A. (2004). Israeli politics and the Middle East peace process, 1988-2002. Durham modern Middle East and Islamic world series. London New York: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-203-25304-5.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Barnea, Avner (2023-04-03). "Israeli Intelligence, the Second Intifada, and Strategic Surprise: A Case of "Intelligence to Please"?". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 36 (2): 521. doi:10.1080/08850607.2021.1994347. ISSN 0885-0607.
  20. ↑ Jubeh, Nazmi (2016). "Jerusalem's Haram al-Sharif: Crucible of Conflict and Control". Journal of Palestine Studies. 45 (2 (178)): 25. ISSN 0377-919X. JSTOR 26378568.
  21. ↑ Barnea, Avner (2023-04-03). "Israeli Intelligence, the Second Intifada, and Strategic Surprise: A Case of "Intelligence to Please"?". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 36 (2): 524. doi:10.1080/08850607.2021.1994347. ISSN 0885-0607.
  22. ↑ Zertal, Idith; Eldar, Akiva (2012-11-01), Yambert, Karl (ed.), "Sharon's Fence", The Contemporary Middle East (3 ed.), Routledge, pp. 132–138, doi:10.4324/9780429492907-12, ISBN 978-0-429-49290-7, retrieved 2026-05-28{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  23. ↑ Sasley, Brent E. (2022-09-16), "The End of Oslo and the Second Intifada, 2000–2005", Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 155, doi:10.4324/9780429027376-13, ISBN 978-0-429-02737-6, retrieved 2026-05-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  24. ↑ Jubeh, Nazmi (2016). "Jerusalem's Haram al-Sharif: Crucible of Conflict and Control". Journal of Palestine Studies. 45 (2 (178)): 28. ISSN 0377-919X. JSTOR 26378568.
  25. ↑ Barnea, Avner (2023-04-03). "Israeli Intelligence, the Second Intifada, and Strategic Surprise: A Case of "Intelligence to Please"?". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 36 (2): 520. doi:10.1080/08850607.2021.1994347. ISSN 0885-0607.
  26. ↑ Sasley, Brent E. (2022-09-16), "The End of Oslo and the Second Intifada, 2000–2005", Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 160–1, doi:10.4324/9780429027376-13, ISBN 978-0-429-02737-6, retrieved 2026-05-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  27. ↑ Kimmerling, Baruch (2003). Politicide: Ariel Sharon's wars against the Palestinians. London : New York: VERSO. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-85984-517-2.
  28. 1 2 Sasley, Brent E. (2022-09-16), "The End of Oslo and the Second Intifada, 2000–2005", Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 156–8, doi:10.4324/9780429027376-13, ISBN 978-0-429-02737-6, retrieved 2026-05-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  29. ↑ Anderson, Betty S. (2016). A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-8047-8324-8.
  30. ↑ Hallward, Maia Carter, ed. (2011). Struggling for a just peace: Israeli and Palestinian activism in the second Intifada. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8130-3652-6.
  31. ↑ Norman, Julie M. (2010). The second Palestinian Intifada: civil resistance. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London New York: Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-415-77995-1.
  32. ↑ Barari, Hassan A. (2004). Israeli politics and the Middle East peace process, 1988-2002. Durham modern Middle East and Islamic world series. London New York: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3, 131, 150. ISBN 978-0-203-25304-5.
  33. ↑ Norman, Julie M. (2010). The second Palestinian Intifada: civil resistance. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London New York: Routledge. pp. 23, 25. ISBN 978-0-415-77995-1.
  34. ↑ Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 159. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  35. ↑ Catignani, Sergio (2008). Israeli counter-insurgency and the Intifadas: dilemmas of a conventional army. Middle eastern military studies. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-203-93069-4.
  36. 1 2 Ganor, Boaz (2021). Israel's counterterrorism strategy: origins to the present. Columbia studies in terrorism and irregular warfare. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-231-55300-1.
  37. 1 2 Barnea, Avner (2023-04-03). "Israeli Intelligence, the Second Intifada, and Strategic Surprise: A Case of "Intelligence to Please"?". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 36 (2): 519. doi:10.1080/08850607.2021.1994347. ISSN 0885-0607.
  38. ↑ Sasley, Brent E. (2022-09-16), "The End of Oslo and the Second Intifada, 2000–2005", Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 166, doi:10.4324/9780429027376-13, ISBN 978-0-429-02737-6, retrieved 2026-05-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  39. 1 2 Ganor, Boaz (2021). Israel's counterterrorism strategy: origins to the present. Columbia studies in terrorism and irregular warfare. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-231-55300-1.
  40. ↑ Sasley, Brent E. (2022-09-16), "The End of Oslo and the Second Intifada, 2000–2005", Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 164, doi:10.4324/9780429027376-13, ISBN 978-0-429-02737-6, retrieved 2026-05-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  41. ↑ Ganor, Boaz (2021). Israel's counterterrorism strategy: origins to the present. Columbia studies in terrorism and irregular warfare. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 227–8. ISBN 978-0-231-55300-1.
  42. ↑ Catignani, Sergio (2008). Israeli counter-insurgency and the Intifadas: dilemmas of a conventional army. Middle Eastern military studies. London ; New York: Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-415-43388-4.
  43. ↑ Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). Prophets without honor: the 2000 Camp David Summit and the end of the two-state solution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-19-006047-3.
  44. ↑ Kimerling, Barukh; Kimerling, Barukh (2003). Politicide: Ariel Sharon's war against the Palestinians. London: Verso. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-85984-517-2.
  45. ↑ Manekin, Devorah S. (2020). Regular Soldiers, Irregular War: Violence and Restraint in the Second Intifada. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-5017-5044-1.
  46. ↑ "What now?". The Guardian. 2001-02-08. section "Arafat's gift to us: Sharon" from Amos Oz. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-05-29.
  47. ↑ Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 252. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  48. ↑ Catignani, Sergio (2008). Israeli counter-insurgency and the Intifadas: dilemmas of a conventional army. Middle eastern military studies. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 124–5. ISBN 978-0-203-93069-4.
  49. 1 2 Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 161. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  50. ↑ Anderson, Betty S. (2015). A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 344, 441. ISBN 978-0-8047-8324-8.
  51. ↑ Anderson, Betty S. (2016). A history of the modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-8047-8324-8.
  52. ↑ Sasley, Brent E. (2022-09-16), "The End of Oslo and the Second Intifada, 2000–2005", Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 164, doi:10.4324/9780429027376-13, ISBN 978-0-429-02737-6, retrieved 2026-05-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  53. ↑ Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 153. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  54. 1 2 "What now?". The Guardian. 2001-02-08. section "Arafat's gift to us: Sharon" from Amos Oz. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-05-29.
  55. ↑ Grossman, David (2006-01-06). "The strong man". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-05-29.
  56. ↑ Power, Jonathan (2017). Ending war crimes, chasing the war criminals. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library. Leiden Boston: Brill Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-04-34634-5.
  57. ↑ Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 248. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  58. 1 2 3 Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 250. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  59. ↑ Zunes, Stephen (2001). "The United States and the Breakdown of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process". Middle East Policy. 8 (4): 75. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2001.tb00009.x. ISSN 1061-1924.
  60. ↑ Bell, Michael (2004). "Ariel Sharon". International Journal. 60 (1): 250–1. doi:10.2307/40204031. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204031.
  61. ↑ Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 150–1. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  62. 1 2 Oz, Amos (2006-01-07). "From muscle to mystery". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-05-29.
  63. ↑ Kaufman, Asher (2024). "Rethinking The Root Causes of The First Lebanon War: Bringing Together Lebanon and The Palestinian Occupied Territories, 1977–1982". Israel Studies. 29 (3): 6. doi:10.2979/is.00025. ISSN 1527-201X.
  64. ↑ Kaufman, Asher (2024). "Rethinking The Root Causes of The First Lebanon War: Bringing Together Lebanon and The Palestinian Occupied Territories, 1977–1982". Israel Studies. 29 (3): 5–6. doi:10.2979/is.00025. ISSN 1527-201X.
  65. ↑ Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, Advisory Opinion, 19 July 2024, p. 812 § 155 (International Court of Justice 2024-07-19).
  66. ↑ Aronoff, Yael S. (2010). "From Warfare to Withdrawal: The Legacy of Ariel Sharon". Israel Studies. 15 (2): 149–172. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/isr.2010.15.2.149.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 Power, Jonathan (2017). Ending war crimes, chasing the war criminals. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library. Leiden Boston: Brill Nijhoff. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-34634-5.
  68. ↑ Hallward, Maia Carter (2011). Struggling for a just peace: Israeli and Palestinian activism in the second Intifada. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8130-3652-6.
  69. 1 2 Shany, Yuval; Michaeli, Keren R. (2002). "The Case against Ariel Sharon: Revisiting the Doctrine of Command Responsibility". New York University Journal of International Law and Politics. 34 (4): 808–815 – via HeinOnline.
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