Female genital mutilation

Type I

In Type I FGM, part or all of the clitoris is cut off. The clitoris is the female organ that makes sex feel good for women. Without it, a woman usually cannot have an orgasm.

Type II

There are a few forms of Type II FGM. All of them involve cutting off part or all of the inner labia, the two flaps of skin on the sides of the opening to the vagina. The forms of Type II FGM are:

• Type IIa: The inner labia are cut off.
• Type IIb: The inner labia and part of the clitoris are cut off.
• Type IIc: The inner labia and part of the clitoris are cut off. So is the outer labia, the folds of skin that protect the genitals.

Type III

Type III FGM is usually called infibulation. It is the most severe form of FGM. The genitals outside a woman's body are cut off and the wound is sewn shut with thread and thorns. The different types of infibulation are:

• Type IIIa: The inner labia are cut off and sewn closed.
• Type IIIb: The outer labia are cut away and sewn closed.

When the labia are sewn shut, one small hole is left open so the girl can urinate and menstruate. The hole is kept open by putting something like a twig into the wound. To help the wound close, the girl's legs are tied together, often from hip to ankle, for up to six weeks.

After the woman gets married, her vagina is cut open so she can have sex. A midwife might cut open the vagina with a knife, or the woman's husband might tear it open with his penis. If the woman gets pregnant, the vagina is opened more for childbirth, and then often sewn back up afterward (this is called re-infibulation).

Type IV

Type IV FGM is anything else that is done to hurt the genitals, like scraping, burning, scarring, or cutting the genitals without cutting them off. This procedure will be heartbreaking for women, when they get to know about this in later life.

Short-term complications

"Short-term complications" are health problems caused by FGM soon after the FGM happened. Common short-term complications include:

• Swelling
• Dangerous bleeding
• Pain
• Trouble urinating normally
• Infection and trouble healing

More serious short-term complications can cause symptoms that can kill a woman. They include:

• Sepsis
• Tetanus
• Gangrene
• Necrotizing fasciitis ("flesh-eating disease")
• Bleeding to death

Nobody knows how many girls and women die from FGM.

Late complications

Late complications happen later on after FGM is done. For example:

• Scars, which can block urine and blood from getting out of the body
• Cysts, which can become infected
• Damage to the bladder and urethra
• Infibulated girls can have trouble or pain when urinating. They can also have infections and pain during sex.

Painful periods are common because it is very difficult for the monthly menstrual blood to get out of the tiny hole left by infibulation. Blood can fill the vagina and uterus, and stay there without moving. If the vagina gets completely blocked, the vagina and uterus can fill up completely with menstrual blood. Because women with this problem do not menstruate, and blood builds up in their abdomen (making it swell), it can be confused with pregnancy.

Pregnancy and childbirth

FGM may increase a woman's risk of having problems during pregnancy and childbirth. For example, women who had infibulations are more likely to:

• Have third-degree lacerations (very bad skin tears around the vagina) when they try to give birth
• Have damage to their anal sphincters from giving birth, affecting bowel control; and
• Need emergency caesarean sections

FGM also raises the risk that a woman's baby will die soon after it is born. In 2008, the WHO estimated that 10–20 babies out of every 1,000 die because their mothers had FGM. All types of FGM were found to raise babies' risk of death, which was:

• 15 percent higher for Type I FGM;
• 32 percent higher for Type II; and
• 55 percent for Type III.

Effects on mental health & sexual function

There is not much information about the effects of FGM on women's and girls' mental health. However, a few small studies have found that women with FGM often have anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Studies on how FGM affects women's ability to have sex have also been small. In total, in 2013, there had been 15 studies involving 12,671 women from seven countries. When all the information from these studies was put together, researchers found that:

• Women with FGM were twice as likely than other women to say they never felt like having sex
• Women with FGM were 52% more likely than other women to have dyspareunia (pain during sex)
• One-third of women with FGM had less sexual feelings than before their FGM.