Francoist Spain

Spanish State
*Estado Español* (Spanish)
Spanish State; Estado Español (Spanish)
1936–1975
	Top:; State flag (1938–1945); Bottom:; State flag (1945–1977) Coat of arms
	Motto: Una, Grande y Libre; ("One, Great and Free"); Plus Ultra; ("Further Beyond")
	Anthem: Marcha Granadera; ("Grenadier March");
	Territories and colonies of the Spanish State: Spain, Ifni, Western Sahara and Guinea; Protectorate in Morocco; Tangier International Zone;
Capital and largest city	Madrid
Official languages	Spanish
Religion	Catholicism (official); under the doctrine of National Catholicism
Demonym(s)	Spanish, Spaniard
Government	Unitary one-party Francoist dictatorship de jure a monarchy after 1947;
Head of State
• 1936–1975	Francisco Franco
• 1975	Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel
Prime Minister
• 1938–1973	Francisco Franco
• 1973	Luis Carrero Blanco
• 1973	Torcuato Fernández-Miranda (acting)
• 1973–1975	Carlos Arias Navarro
Prince
• 1969–1975	Juan Carlos de Borbón
Legislature	None (rule by decree, until 1942); Cortes Españolas (since 1942)
Historical era	Interwar period; World War II; Cold War;
• Civil War	17 July 1936
• Francisco Franco rule started	1 October 1936
• Nationalist victory	1 April 1939
• Succession law	6 July 1947
• UN membership	14 December 1955
• Organic Law	1 January 1967
• Death of Francisco Franco	20 November 1975
• Regency Council administration	20–22 November 1975
• Proclamation of King Juan Carlos I	22 November 1975
Area
1940	856,045 km2 (330,521 sq mi)
Population
• 1940	25,877,971
Currency	Spanish peseta
Calling code	+34
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Nationalist zone
	Second Spanish Republic
	Spanish West Africa
	Spanish Territories on the Gulf of Guinea
Spanish transition to democracy
Kingdom of Morocco
Equatorial Guinea
Today part of	Equatorial Guinea; Morocco; Spain; Western Sahara;
	↑ In wartime, Salamanca served as the de facto Nationalist capital and centre of power, while administrative functions were moved to Burgos.; ↑ The 1937 Unification Degree established FET y de las JONS as the sole legal party of the regime.; ↑ As Caudillo (since 1938) and Jefe del Estado; ↑ As President of the Regency Council;

Francoist Spain (Spanish: España franquista) or the Francoist dictatorship ([dictadura franquista] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain. During this time period Spain was officially known as the Spanish State ([Estado Español] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)). After Franco’s death, Spain turned into a democracy.

During the Spanish Civil War, Francisco Franco led the nationalists supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The republicans were supported by the Soviet Union, Mexico, and France. The dictatorship was created right after the nationalists won. Francisco Franco made himself the Caudillo of Spain and ruled until his death in 1975.

Francoism

Nationalism

Francisco Franco promoted ultranationalism. He did not allow the use of regional languages such as Catalan, Basque, Galician, and promoted Spanish as the only official language.

References

↑ Pecharromán, Julio Gil (2019). La estirpe del camaleón: Una historia política de la derecha en España (1937–2004). Taurus. ISBN 978-84-306-2302-0.
↑ Beevor, Antony (2006) [1982]. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297848321.
↑
↑ Blinkhorn, Martin (2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134997121. The Franco regime - the only European regime with a major radical fascist ingredient to survive long beyond 1945, and studied here by Paul Preston - is a useful example. Notwithstanding the aforementioned fascisant tendencies within the Spanish Catholic and monarchist right, radical fascism, in the form of the Falange (fused from 1934 with the JONS), was weak until 1936 when it began to expand rapidly... In April 1937 Franco... fused the Falange with the Carlists, monarchists and the rest of the right to form the single party of his regime: a process, though differently conducted, somewhat similar to Italian fascism's fusion with Nationalism and Clerico-Fascism after 1922. The product, like the Italian Fascist regime, was a compromise between radical fascism and conservative authoritarianism, in this case with unambiguous military and Church support. As Preston indicates, Falangism played a superficially prominent and important role for as long as it suited Franco, that is, until the mid-1940s, thereafter to be shunted into the sidings of Spanish political life.
↑ Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship. Polity. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7456-3992-5.
↑ Oxford Dictionary of English. OUP Oxford. 19 August 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3.
↑ (in Spanish) "Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940". INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
↑ (in Spanish) "Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940". INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014.

↑ The regime went through several transformations, with its anti-democratic nature and Franco as head of state and dictator as the main constants, evolving from a military junta early in the Civil War to being similar to fascist totalitarianism in the 1940s and afterwards, becoming closer to more conventional authoritarian conservatism while still preserving fascist trappings and a "major radical fascist ingredient."
↑ The 1947 Law of Succession declared Spain a de jure kingdom, but Franco remained head of state until 1975.

[1] In wartime, Salamanca served as the de facto Nationalist capital and centre of power, while administrative functions were moved to Burgos.

[2] The 1937 Unification Degree established FET y de las JONS as the sole legal party of the regime.

[11] As Caudillo (since 1938) and Jefe del Estado

[12] As President of the Regency Council

[3] Pecharromán, Julio Gil (2019). La estirpe del camaleón: Una historia política de la derecha en España (1937–2004). Taurus. ISBN 978-84-306-2302-0.

[d-4] Beevor, Antony (2006) [1982]. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297848321.

[romania-5] ↑

[Blinkhorn-6] Blinkhorn, Martin (2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134997121. The Franco regime - the only European regime with a major radical fascist ingredient to survive long beyond 1945, and studied here by Paul Preston - is a useful example. Notwithstanding the aforementioned fascisant tendencies within the Spanish Catholic and monarchist right, radical fascism, in the form of the Falange (fused from 1934 with the JONS), was weak until 1936 when it began to expand rapidly... In April 1937 Franco... fused the Falange with the Carlists, monarchists and the rest of the right to form the single party of his regime: a process, though differently conducted, somewhat similar to Italian fascism's fusion with Nationalism and Clerico-Fascism after 1922. The product, like the Italian Fascist regime, was a compromise between radical fascism and conservative authoritarianism, in this case with unambiguous military and Church support. As Preston indicates, Falangism played a superficially prominent and important role for as long as it suited Franco, that is, until the mid-1940s, thereafter to be shunted into the sidings of Spanish political life.

[9] Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship. Polity. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7456-3992-5.

[10] Oxford Dictionary of English. OUP Oxford. 19 August 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3.

[13] (in Spanish) "Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940". INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014.

[14] (in Spanish) "Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940". INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014.

[7] The regime went through several transformations, with its anti-democratic nature and Franco as head of state and dictator as the main constants, evolving from a military junta early in the Civil War to being similar to fascist totalitarianism in the 1940s and afterwards, becoming closer to more conventional authoritarian conservatism while still preserving fascist trappings and a "major radical fascist ingredient."

[8] The 1947 Law of Succession declared Spain a de jure kingdom, but Franco remained head of state until 1975.