Heraclius
| Heraclius | |
|---|---|
| Emperor of the Romans | |
 | |
| Byzantine emperor | |
| Reign | 5 October 610 – 11 February 641 |
| Predecessor | Phocas |
| Successor | Constantine III Heraclonas |
| Regent | Constantine III (613–641) Heraclonas (638–641) |
| Born | c. 575 Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire |
| Died | 11 February 641 (aged 65) Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire |
| Spouse | Eudokia Martina |
| Issue | Constantine III Heraclonas John Athalarichos (illegitimate) Martinus David Tiberius |
| Dynasty | Heraclian Dynasty |
| Father | Heraclius the Elder |
| Mother | Epiphania |
| Religion | Chalcedonian Christianity |
Heraclius (Greek: Ἡράκλειος Hērákleios; c. 575 – 11 February 641), was Eastern Roman emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt against Phocas, an unpopular emperor. Later in Heraclius' reign officially used "Basileus" partially replacing the traditional "Imperator, Caesar and Augustus". He placed Greek as the official languange of the Eastern Roman Empire in place of Latin and even promoting Greek Culture but nevertheless had kept much of ancient roman traditions.
Rule
Heraclius's rule was marked by a number of military campaigns. The year Heraclius came to power, the empire was threatened on many sides. Heraclius immediately took charge of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628. The first fights of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines; the Persian army fought their way to the Bosphorus but Constantinople was protected by unbreakable walls and a strong navy, and Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, he started changes to rebuild and strengthen the military. Heraclius drove the Persians out of Asia Minor and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them clearly in 627 at the Battle of Nineveh. The Persian king Khosrow II was overthrown and executed by his son Kavad II, who soon sued for a peace treaty, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territory. This way diplomatic relations were restored.
Loss of control
However, Heraclius soon lost many of his newly regained lands to the Rashidun Caliphate. Newly appearing from the Arabian Peninsula, the Muslims quickly won the Sasanian Empire by force. In 636, the Muslims marched into Roman Syria, defeating Heraclius's brother Theodore. Within a short period of time, the Arabs conquered Mesopotamia, Armenia and Egypt. Heraclius responded with changes which let his successors fight the Arabs and avoid total destruction.
Entering diplomatic relations
Heraclius entered diplomatic relations with the Croats and Serbs in the Balkans. He tried to repair the schism in the Christian church in regard to the Monophysites, by promoting a compromise doctrine called Monothelitism. The Church of the East (commonly called Nestorian) was also involved in the process. Eventually this project of togetherness was rejected by all sides of the argument.
Notes
- ↑ Sometimes numbered as Heraclius I.
References
- ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 308.
- ↑ Kazhdan 1991b, p. 916.
- ↑ Seleznev 2012.
Sources
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{{cite encyclopedia}}:|work=ignored (help) - Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991). Herakleios. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|work=ignored (help) - Kiilerich, Bente (2018). "The Barletta Colossos revisited". Acta Ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia. 28: 55–72. doi:10.5617/acta.5832.
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- Seleznev, Nicolay (2012). Ираклий и Ишоʿйав II: Восточный эпизод в истории «экуменического» проекта византийского императора [Heraclius and Ishoʿyav II: An Eastern Episode in the History of the 'Ecumenical' Project of the Byzantine Emperor]. Символ [Symbol] (in Russian). 61: Syriaca-Arabica-Iranica. Paris-Moscow: 280–300. ISSN 0222-1292.
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- Thomson, Robert W.; Howard-Johnston, James; Greenwood, Tim (1999). The Armenian history attributed to Sebeos. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-564-3.
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- Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-87099-179-5.
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{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
Further reading
- Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820171-0.
- El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium viewed by the Arabs. Harvard CMES. ISBN 0-932885-30-6.
- Hovorun, Cyril (2008). Will, Action and Freedom: Christological Controversies in the Seventh Century. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16666-0.
- Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). "Herakleios". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 916–917. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D. The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-055-6.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Tarasov, Oleg (2004). Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-118-0.
Other websites
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heraclius.
- "Heraclius" at De Imperatoribus Romanis (Archive) – online encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Heraclius Born: ca. 575 Died: 11 February 641 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Phocas |
Byzantine emperor 610–641 with Constantine III Heraclius from 613 |
Succeeded by Constantine III and Heraclonas |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Phocas, 603, then lapsed |
Roman consul 608 with Heraclius the Elder |
Succeeded by Lapsed, then Heraclius Constantine in 613 |
