History of California

A map of California from 1826

The history of California begins thousands of years ago and includes important events like the California Gold Rush; the opening of the Transcontinental Railroad; the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the start of the American gay rights movement; and the Silicon Valley high-tech boom.

California was first a Spanish colony and then a part of Mexico. The United States began to control the area during the Mexican-American War. California became a U.S. state in 1850.

Hollywood and Yosemite National Park are in California. So are many historic sites, like 18th- to 19th century missions; Alcatraz Federal Prison; the Golden Gate Bridge; the first Chinatown in the country; and the Manzanar internment camp, where Japanese-Americans were interned during WWII.

Early history

Thousands of years ago, people from Asia crossed a land bridge over the Bering Strait and entered what is now Alaska. These migrants then spread out across North America, including to modern-day California.

When Europeans arrived in California, there were around 30,000 indigenous people in modern-day California. This was around 13% of the indigenous people in North America.

19th century

An 1850 flyer advertises ship travel to California during the Gold Rush

The California Gold Rush

See the main article: California Gold Rush

During the California Gold Rush, around 300,000 people traveled to California after gold was found at Sutter's Sawmill. The Gold Rush lasted from 1848–1855, peaking in 1852.

While around $2 billion in gold was found during the Gold Rush, very few gold miners got rich.

The Gold Rush had major effects on California's history, economy, and population. It may have helped the California Republic become a state in 1850. People came from all over the world to look for gold. San Francisco became one of America's major cities, and California's population boomed.

The California Trail

Emigrant trails with California gold fields in yellow

During the 1840s and 1850s, over 250,000 emigrants traveled to California to seek their fortunes. They came from across America and from other countries. This was the greatest mass migration in American history.

The California Trail was about 2000 miles long, and it usually took 3 to 6 months to complete the journey. It follows the same route as the Oregon Trail until Idaho, where they split up. (After that, the Oregon Trail goes west, while the California Trail goes south.) After this point, conditions are very harsh: travelers have to cross a 40-mile desert and then climb over the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Emigrants traveled to California for many reasons: to seek their fortunes; to mine gold; to obtain good farmland in a warm climate; to fulfill the ideas of Manifest Destiny; to leave crowded, filthy cities (where diseases were common); and/or to go on adventures.

The California genocide

In the 19th century, government agents and private militias committed a genocide of the indigenous people in California. State authorities encouraged, tolerated, and committed these acts.

A map showing indigenous tribes and languages before Europeans found California

Between 9,492 and 16,094 indigenous people were killed during the genocide, and between 10,000 and 27,000 were kidnapped for forced labor. Additionally, hundreds (or perhaps thousands) of indigenous people starved or were worked to death.

The indigenous population also decreased dramatically because of disease, low birth rates, and starvation. Indigenous Californians were often raped and/or separated from their children. The state of California used its institutions (like its state legislature and court systems) to take away native people's land by favoring white settlers' rights over theirs.

Since the 2000s, most American academics and many activist organizations have used the word "genocide" to describe this period of time. In 2019, California's governor Gavin Newsom stated:

"It's called genocide. That's what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that's the way it needs to be described in the history books. And so I'm here to say the following: I'm sorry on behalf of the state of California [for the] violence, discrimination and exploitation [approved] by [the] state government throughout its history".

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Early California History: An Overview | Articles and Essays | California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  2. ↑ "The 1906 Great San Francisco Earthquake". California Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  3. ↑ California’s LGBTQ+ Rights Movement: Pioneering Towards Progress and Equality (PDF). Shirley Ann Weber, California Secretary of State.
  4. ↑ "Silicon Valley - Tech Hub, Innovation, Growth | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-09-29. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  5. 1 2 3 "California Gold Rush | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024-09-11. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  6. ↑ "The First Peoples of California | Early California History: An Overview | Articles and Essays | California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  7. 1 2 "California National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)". United States National Park Service. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  8. 1 2 3 "California Trail History" (PDF). The California Trail Interpretive Center.
  9. 1 2 Pritzker, Barry (2000). A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford University Press. p. 114.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Adhikari, Mohamed (2022). Destroying to replace: settler genocides of Indigenous peoples. Critical themes in world history. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-64792-054-8. OCLC 1292972205.
  11. ↑ "NorCal Native Writes Of California Genocide | Jefferson Public Radio". The Jefferson Exchange. Archived from the original on 2019-11-14. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  12. 1 2 Wee, Eliza (2018-06-28). "Indian Boarding Schools: The Hidden History of Slavery in California". ACLU of Northern California. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  13. ↑ "California Truth & Healing Council | The Governor's Office of Tribal Affairs". tribalaffairs.ca.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-29.