Holozoa

Holozoa
Temporal range: Early Tonian - Present, 1000–0 Ma
Orange elephant ear sponge, Agelas clathrodes, in foreground. Two corals in the background: a sea fan, Iciligorgia schrammi, and a sea rod, Plexaurella nutans.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Amorphea
Clade: Obazoa
Clade: Opisthokonta
Clade: Holozoa
Lang et al., 2002
Subgroups

Holozoa is a group of creatures that includes animals, and some single-celled relatives of animals, which excludes fungi. Holozoa is also an old name for the tunicate genus Distaplia. Holozoa is a clade: a group of plants or animals with a common ancestor. It has all of the organisms close to animals.

Examples

An example of a well-known holozoan is the choanoflagellate, which looks like the cells of a sponge. Proterospongia is an example of a choanoflagellate giving clues as to how sponges evolved.

Evolution

The phylogenic tree shows how clades evolved into newer clades, which include Holozoa.

Opisthokonta
Holomycota
Cristidiscoidea

Fonticulida

Nucleariida

Fungi/Zoosporia

BCG2

True Fungi

Aphelida

BCG1

Rozellomyceta/

Rozella

Namako-37

Microsporidia

Cryptomycota
Opisthosporidia
Holozoa

Ichthyosporea

Pluriformea

Syssomonas

Corallochytrium

Filozoa

Filasterea

Choanozoa

Choanoflagellatea

Animalia

950 mya
1100 mya
1300 mya

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Commonly known as the evolution tree.

References

  1. ↑
    • Aleshin VV, Konstantinova AV, Mikhailov KV, Nikitin MA, Petrov NB (December 2007). "Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?". Biochemistry Mosc. 72 (12): 1313–23. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. PMID 18205615. S2CID 12594007.
    • Lang BF, O'Kelly C, Nerad T, Gray MW, Burger G (October 2002). "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Curr. Biol. 12 (20): 1773–8. Bibcode:2002CBio...12.1773L. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9. PMID 12401173. S2CID 14192333.
    • Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo (7 May 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo (ed.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLOS ONE. 3 (5) e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.
    • Elias M, Archibald JM (August 2009). "The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus". Gene. 442 (1–2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011. PMID 19393304.
  2. ↑ Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo (2005). "Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc". Scientia Marina. 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214. Bibcode:2005ScMar..69S.205T. doi:10.3989/scimar.2005.69s2205.
  3. ↑ Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (January 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology & Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.