List of possible dwarf planets

There are many possible dwarf planets in the Solar System. Scientists do not know how many there are exactly. They say there may be up to 200 in the Kuiper Belt. They also say there may be over 10,000 beyond this. The IAU has accepted six of them: Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, and Quaoar, as well as Ceres in the Inner Solar System. This article numbers those and other possible ones. Only Pluto and Ceres have been confirmed to be in equilibrium. Eris is more of a dwarf planet because of being similar to Pluto and more massive. Haumea and Makemake were accepted as dwarf planets for the naming rules, because they were not accepted dwarf planets. The consensus among astronomers include at least Gonggong, Sedna and Orcus. The IAU has accepted Quaoar in a 2022-2023 annual report.

List of possible dwarf planets

Designation	Measured mean diameter (km)	Density (g/cm³)	Albedo	Identified as a dwarf planet					Category
Designation	Measured mean diameter (km)	Density (g/cm³)	Albedo	by Emery et al.	by Grundy et al.	by Brown	by Tancredi et al.	by the IAU	Category
N I Triton	2707±2	2.06	0.60 to 0.95	(likely in equilibrium)					(moon of Neptune)
134340 Pluto	2376±3	1.854±0.006	0.49 to 0.66						2:3 resonant
136199 Eris	2326±12	2.43±0.05	0.96						SDO
136108 Haumea	≈ 1560	≈ 2.018	0.51					(naming rules)	resonant cubewano
136472 Makemake	1430+38 −22	1.9±0.2	0.81					(naming rules)	hot cubewano
225088 Gonggong	1230±50	1.74±0.16	0.14				N/A		3:10 resonant
P I Charon	1212±1	1.70±0.02	0.2 to 0.5	(possibly in equilibrium)					(moon of Pluto)
50000 Quaoar	1086±4	≈ 1.7	0.11					(2022–2023 annual report)	hot cubewano
1 Ceres	946±2	2.16±0.01	0.09	(close to equilibrium)					asteroid
90482 Orcus	910+50 −40	1.4±0.2	0.23						plutino (2:3 resonant)
90377 Sedna	906+314 −258	?	0.41						detached
120347 Salacia	846±21	1.5±0.12	0.04						hot cubewano
307261 Máni	796±24	?	0.10		?		N/A		hot cubewano
55565 Aya	768±39	?	0.11		?	"highly likely"			hot cubewano
174567 Varda	749±18	1.78±0.06? or 1.23±0.04?	0.10			"highly likely"			4:7 resonant
532037 Chiminigagua	742+78 −83	?	0.17		?	"highly likely"	N/A		SDO
208996 Achlys	723 or 772±12	0.76	0.10			"highly likely"			plutino (2:3 resonant)
28978 Ixion	710±0.2	?	0.10		?	"highly likely"			plutino (2:3 resonant)
145452 Ritona	679+55 −73	?	0.107+0.029 −0.018		?	"highly likely"			hot cubewano
55637 Uni	665±29 or 659±38	0.82±0.11	0.107+0.005 −0.008 or 0.1±0.01			"highly likely"	N/A		hot cubewano
2018 VG18	656 or 500	?	0.12		?	"highly likely"	N/A		SDO
20000 Varuna	654+154 −102 or 668+154 −86	?	0.127+0.04 −0.042		?	"highly likely"			hot cubewano
229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà	642±28 or 638+24 −12	1.04±0.17	0.142±0.015			"highly likely"	N/A		SDO
2014 UZ224	635+65 −72	?	0.131+0.038 −0.028		?	"highly likely"	N/A		SDO
19521 Chaos	612 or 600+140 −130	?	0.050+0.030 −0.016		?	"highly likely"	N/A		hot cubewano
2012 VP113	574?	?	0.09 assumed		?	"likely"	N/A		detached
(528381) 2008 ST291	549 or 584	?	0.09 assumed		?	"likely"	N/A		1:6 resonant SDO
(523794) 2015 RR245	≈500	?	0.11 assumed		?	"highly likely"	N/A	(claimed without citation by AGU)	SDO
10 Hygiea	426±34	0.5	0.53			"possibly"	?		asteroid
38628 Huya	411±7.3	0.8	0.081			"probably"			plutino (2:3 resonant)
(15874) 1996 TL66	339±20 or 575±115	?	0.110+0.021 −0.015			"possibly"			SDO
(15789) 1993 SC	333±60	0.5	0.051			"possibly"	N/A		plutino (2:3 resonant)
10199 Chariklo	302±5	0.3	0.35			"possibly"	N/A		centaur
47171 Lempo	272±4.0	0.5	0.051			"possibly"	N/A		plutino (2:3 resonant)
2060 Chiron	272±5	0.2	0.25			"possibly"	N/A		centaur / comet
184314 Mbabamwanawaresa	270±4.0	0.5	0.051			"possibly"	N/A		plutino (2:3 resonant)
79360 Sila-Nunam	250±4	0.4	0.43			"possibly"			SDO
148780 Altjira	246±5	0.6	0.64			"possibly"			cubewano
65489 Ceto	223±5	0.4	0.44			"possibly"			SDO
474640 Alicanto	188±5	0.5	0.55			"possibly"	?		detached

References

↑ Brown, Mike. "The Dwarf Planets". Retrieved 20 January 2008.
↑ Stern, Alan (24 August 2012). "The Kuiper Belt at 20: Paradigm Changes in Our Knowledge of the Solar System". Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
↑ J.P. Emery, I. Wong, R. Brunetto, J.C. Cook, N. Pinilla-Alonso, J.A. Stansberry, B.J. Holler, W.M. Grundy, S. Protopapa, A.C. Souza-Feliciano, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, J.I. Lunine, D.C. Hines (29 February 2024). "A Tale of 3 Dwarf Planets: Ices and Organics on Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar from JWST Spectroscopy". Icarus. 414 116017. arXiv:2309.15230. Bibcode:2024Icar..41416017E. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (December 2019). "The mutual orbit, mass, and density of transneptunian binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ((229762) 2007 UK₁₂₆)" (PDF). Icarus. 334: 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037. S2CID 126574999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-07.
↑ Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Roe, H.G.; Buie, M.W.; Porter, S.B.; Parker, A.H.; et al. (December 2019). "Mutual orbit orientations of transneptunian binaries" (PDF). Icarus. 334: 62–78. Bibcode:2019Icar..334...62G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.035. S2CID 133585837. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2019.
↑ Tancredi, G. (2010). "Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy "dwarf planets" (plutoids)". Icy Bodies of the Solar System: Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 263, 2009. 263: 173–185. Bibcode:2010IAUS..263..173T. doi:10.1017/S1743921310001717.
↑ Thomas, P.C. (December 2000). "The Shape of Triton from Limb Profiles". Icarus. 148 (2): 587–588. Bibcode:2000Icar..148..587T. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6511.
↑ Kholshevnikovab, K.V.; Borukhaa, M.A.; Eskina, B.B.; Mikryukov, D.V. (23 October 2019). "On the asphericity of the figures of Pluto and Charon". Icarus. 181 104777. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2019.104777. S2CID 209958465.
↑ "Report of Division F "Planetary Systems and Astrobiology": Annual Report 2022-23" (PDF). International Astronomical Union. 2022–2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
↑ Raymond, C.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C.; Park, R.S.; Ermakov, A.; et al. (September 2018). "Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Vol. 12.
↑ "Six Things Dwarf Planets Have Taught Us About the Solar System". JoAnna Wendel. American Geophysical Union. 27 January 2024.

[1] Brown, Mike. "The Dwarf Planets". Retrieved 20 January 2008.

[2] Stern, Alan (24 August 2012). "The Kuiper Belt at 20: Paradigm Changes in Our Knowledge of the Solar System". Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

[3] J.P. Emery, I. Wong, R. Brunetto, J.C. Cook, N. Pinilla-Alonso, J.A. Stansberry, B.J. Holler, W.M. Grundy, S. Protopapa, A.C. Souza-Feliciano, E. Fernández-Valenzuela, J.I. Lunine, D.C. Hines (29 February 2024). "A Tale of 3 Dwarf Planets: Ices and Organics on Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar from JWST Spectroscopy". Icarus. 414 116017. arXiv:2309.15230. Bibcode:2024Icar..41416017E. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (December 2019). "The mutual orbit, mass, and density of transneptunian binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ((229762) 2007 UK₁₂₆)" (PDF). Icarus. 334: 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037. S2CID 126574999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-07.

[5] Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Roe, H.G.; Buie, M.W.; Porter, S.B.; Parker, A.H.; et al. (December 2019). "Mutual orbit orientations of transneptunian binaries" (PDF). Icarus. 334: 62–78. Bibcode:2019Icar..334...62G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.035. S2CID 133585837. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2019.

[6] Tancredi, G. (2010). "Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy "dwarf planets" (plutoids)". Icy Bodies of the Solar System: Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 263, 2009. 263: 173–185. Bibcode:2010IAUS..263..173T. doi:10.1017/S1743921310001717.

[7] Thomas, P.C. (December 2000). "The Shape of Triton from Limb Profiles". Icarus. 148 (2): 587–588. Bibcode:2000Icar..148..587T. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6511.

[8] Kholshevnikovab, K.V.; Borukhaa, M.A.; Eskina, B.B.; Mikryukov, D.V. (23 October 2019). "On the asphericity of the figures of Pluto and Charon". Icarus. 181 104777. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2019.104777. S2CID 209958465.

[9] "Report of Division F "Planetary Systems and Astrobiology": Annual Report 2022-23" (PDF). International Astronomical Union. 2022–2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.

[10] Raymond, C.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C.; Park, R.S.; Ermakov, A.; et al. (September 2018). "Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Vol. 12.

[eos-11] "Six Things Dwarf Planets Have Taught Us About the Solar System". JoAnna Wendel. American Geophysical Union. 27 January 2024.