Pahari-Pothwari

Pahari-Pothwari
پوٹھواری‎, پہاڑی‎
Poṭhwārī, Pahāṛī
Native toPakistan
RegionPothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and western parts of Jammu and Kashmir, other parts of India including Punjab and Haryana (by partition refugees and descendants)
Native speakers
several million
Shahmukhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3phr
Glottologpaha1251  Pahari Potwari

Pahari-Pothwari is a Lahnda dialect continuum within the northwestern Indo-Aryan languages, spoken in the northern half of Pothohar Plateau in Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in most of the Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir. It is known by different names, such as Pahari, Pothwari, Pothohari, Mirpuri.

Pahari-Pothwari is classified within the Lahnda group (Western Punjabi) of the Northwestern Indo-Aryan language family and is transitional between Hindko in the west and Punjabi in the east.

Places

Within Pakistan, it is spoken in the Pothohar Plateau and Azad Kashmir and overlaps between these two regions.: 46 

Numbers

The numbering in Pahari-Pothwari is similar to that of other Punjabi dialects and varieties. Pahari-Pothwari uses trai for three, which is also found in Saraiki.

  1. ikk
  2. do
  3. trai
  4. čar
  5. panj
  6. čae
  7. satt
  8. att
  9. nau
  10. dass

Notes

  1. ↑ Baart (2003, p. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in Ethnologue (2017) to be about 1 million as of 2000.
  2. ↑ Pahari: پَہاڑِی‎, romanized: pahāṛī, pronounced [pɐ̯ˈäː˥˩.ɽi(ː)]
  3. ↑ Pothohari: پوٹھوہارِی‎, romanized: poṭhohārī, pronounced [poˑʈ̆.ʈʰo̯ˈä˥˩.ɾi(ː)]
  4. ↑ There is no consensus among linguists or Pahari-Pothwari speakers in terms of its status as a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language entirely. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.

References

  1. ↑ Shackle, C. (November 1979). "Problems of Classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
  2. ↑ "Punjabi University, Patiala". Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  3. ↑ Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab. Journal of Research (Humanities), 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
  4. ↑ Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.