Cycliophora

Cycliophora
The species Symbion pandora
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
(unranked):	Spiralia
Superphylum:	Lophotrochozoa
Phylum:	Cycliophora
Class:	Eucycliophora
Genus:	Symbion Funch & Kristensen, 1995
Species
Symbion pandora Symbion americanus

The Cycliophora are a platyzoan phylum, based on a single genus Symbion. They are so different from other animals that they were put in their own phylum. They were discovered in 1995, and are the most recent new phylum. So far, only three species of Cycliophora have been found on cold-water lobsters, although only two—Symbion pandora and Symbion americanus—have been formally described. The third species, observed on the European lobster (Homarus gammarus), remains undescribed and unnamed pending further taxonomic analysis.

They are microscopic: the feeding stage is about 0.3 mm long, and 0.1 mm wide.

Their life style is commensal, (a form of symbiosis) – they feed on the leftovers from the lobster's own meals.

Life stages

They have three different body forms, and a two-stage life-cycle.

• Asexual Feeding Stage – at this stage, the tiny animal is neither male or female. On the posterior end of the sac-like body is a stalk with an adhesive disc, which attaches itself to the host. On the anterior end is a ciliated funnel (mouth) and an anus.
• Sexual Stage – these are even smaller than the feeding stage.
  • Male – Has no mouth or anus, which shows the absence of a digestive system. It also has two reproductive organs.
  • Female – Has a digestive system which collapses and reconstitutes itself as a larva.

Reproduction

Symbion can reproduce both asexually by budding and sexually. In sexual reproduction the male attaches to a feeding stage and impregnates a budding female. The female then separates from the feeding stage and attaches herself to another host, where the larva in her develops. The female dies, and the larva escapes.

The sexual reproductive cycle is triggered when the host crustacean molts its 'shell' (exoskeleton) in order to grow.

References