United States Secretary of State

United States Secretary of State
Seal of the secretary of state
Flag of the secretary of state
Incumbent
Marco Rubio
since January 21, 2025
United States Department of State
StyleMr. Secretary (informal)
The Honorable (formal)
His Excellency (diplomatic)
AbbreviationSecState
Member ofCabinet of the United States
United States National Security Council
Reports toPresident of the United States
SeatHarry S Truman Building
Washington, D.C.
AppointerThe President
with Senate advice and consent
Term lengthNo fixed term
Constituting instrument22 U.S.C. § 2651
PrecursorSecretary of Foreign Affairs
FormationJuly 27, 1789; 237 years ago (1789-07-27)
First holderThomas Jefferson
SuccessionFourth
DeputyUnited States Deputy Secretary of State
SalaryExecutive Schedule, Level I
Websitestate.gov/secretary

The United States secretary of state (SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State. This department deals with foreign affairs. The secretary is a member of the presidential cabinet and the highest-ranking cabinet secretary both in presidential line of succession and order of precedence. The U.S. Senate must agree with and confirm with the choice for the person to become the secretary of state.

The position of secretary of state was created on April 6, 1789. Thomas Jefferson was the first secretary of state. The secretary is also 4th in the presidential line of succession.

Duties

The first duties of the secretary of state included:

The following are the responsibilities of the Secretary of State. These were added to the duties over time.

List of Secretaries of State

  Denotes an interim secretary of state
N° Secretary Party Vote Term of office State President(s)
Portrait Name Took office Left office Term
– John Jay
(1745–1829)		 Federalist – September 15, 1789 March 22, 1790 188 days New York George Washington
(1789–1797)
1 Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
 Democratic-
Republican		 – March 22, 1790 December 31, 1793 3 years, 284 days Virginia
2 Edmund Randolph
(1753–1813)
 Federalist – January 2, 1794 August 20, 1795 1 year, 232 days Virginia
3 Timothy Pickering
(1745–1829)
 Federalist – August 20, 1795 December 10, 1795 4 years, 265 days Pennsylvania
December 10, 1795 May 12, 1800
John Adams
(1797–1801)
– Charles Lee
(1758–1815)
 Federalist – May 13, 1800 June 5, 1800 23 days Virginia
4 John Marshall
(1755–1835)
 Federalist – June 13, 1800 February 4, 1801 264 days Virginia
February 4, 1801 March 4, 1801
– Levi Lincoln Sr.
(1749–1820)
 Democratic-
Republican		 – March 5, 1801 May 1, 1801 57 days Massachusetts Thomas Jefferson
(1801–1809)
5 James Madison
(1751–1836)
 Democratic-
Republican		 – May 2, 1801 March 3, 1809 7 years, 305 days Virginia
6 Robert Smith
(1757–1842)
 Democratic-
Republican		 – March 6, 1809 April 1, 1811 2 years, 26 days Maryland James Madison
(1809–1817)
7 James Monroe
(1758–1831)
 Democratic-
Republican		 30–0 April 2, 1811 September 30, 1814 5 years, 335 days Virginia
October 1, 1814 February 28, 1815
February 28, 1815 March 3, 1817
– John Graham
(1774–1820)
 Democratic-
Republican		 – March 4, 1817 March 9, 1817 5 days Kentucky James Monroe
(1817–1825)
– Richard Rush
(1780–1859)
 Federalist – March 10, 1817 September 22, 1817 196 days Pennsylvania
8 John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
 Democratic-
Republican		 29–1 September 22, 1817 March 3, 1825 7 years, 162 days Massachusetts
– Daniel Brent
(1770–1841)
 Democratic-
Republican		 – March 4, 1825 March 7, 1825 3 days Virginia John Quincy Adams
(1825–1829)
9 Henry Clay
(1777–1852)
 Democratic-
Republican		 27–14 March 7, 1825 March 3, 1829 3 years, 361 days Kentucky
National
Republican
– James Alexander Hamilton
(1788–1878)
 Democratic – March 4, 1829 March 27, 1829 23 days New York Andrew Jackson
(1829–1837)
10 Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
 Democratic 25–7 March 28, 1829 May 23, 1831 2 years, 56 days New York
11 Edward Livingston
(1764–1836)
 Democratic – May 24, 1831 May 29, 1833 2 years, 5 days Louisiana
12 Louis McLane
(1786–1857)
 Democratic May 29, 1833 June 30, 1834 1 year, 32 days Delaware
13 John Forsyth
(1780–1841)
 Democratic – July 1, 1834 March 3, 1841 6 years, 245 days Georgia
Martin Van Buren
(1837–1841)
– Jacob L. Martin
(?–1848)
 – – March 4, 1841 March 5, 1841 1 day District of
Columbia		 William Henry Harrison
(1841)
14 Daniel Webster
(1782–1852)
 Whig – March 6, 1841 May 8, 1843 2 years, 63 days Massachusetts
John Tyler
(1841–1845)
– Hugh S. Legaré
(1797–1843)
 Democratic – May 9, 1843 June 20, 1843 42 days South Carolina
– William S. Derrick
(1802–1852)
 – – June 21, 1843 June 23, 1843 2 days Pennsylvania
15 Abel P. Upshur
(1791–1844)
 Whig – June 24, 1843 July 23, 1843 220 days Virginia
July 24, 1843 February 28, 1844
– John Nelson
(1791–1860)
 Whig – February 29, 1844 March 31, 1844 31 days Maryland
16 John C. Calhoun
(1782–1850)
 Democratic – April 1, 1844 March 10, 1845 343 days South Carolina
17 James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
 Democratic – March 10, 1845 March 7, 1849 3 years, 362 days Pennsylvania James K. Polk
(1845–1849)
18 John M. Clayton
(1796–1856)
 Whig – March 8, 1849 July 22, 1850 1 year, 136 days Delaware Zachary Taylor
(1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore
(1850–1853)
19 Daniel Webster
(1782–1852)
 Whig – July 23, 1850 October 24, 1852 2 years, 93 days Massachusetts
– Charles Magill Conrad
(1804–1878)
 Whig – October 25, 1852 November 5, 1852 11 days Louisiana
20 Edward Everett
(1794–1865)
 Whig – November 6, 1852 March 3, 1853 117 days Massachusetts
– William Hunter
(1805–1886)
 – – March 4, 1853 March 7, 1853 3 days Rhode Island Franklin Pierce
(1853–1857)
21 William L. Marcy
(1786–1857)
 Democratic – March 7, 1853 March 6, 1857 3 years, 364 days New York
22 Lewis Cass
(1782–1866)
 Democratic – March 6, 1857 December 14, 1860 3 years, 283 days Michigan James Buchanan
(1857–1861)
– William Hunter
(1805–1886)
 – – December 15, 1860 December 16, 1860 1 day Rhode Island
23 Jeremiah S. Black
(1810–1883)
 Democratic – December 17, 1860 March 5, 1861 78 days New York
24 William H. Seward
(1801–1872)
 Republican – March 5, 1861 March 4, 1869 7 years, 364 days New York Abraham Lincoln
(1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson
(1865–1869)
25 Elihu B. Washburne
(1816–1887)
 Republican – March 5, 1869 March 16, 1869 11 days Illinois Ulysses S. Grant
(1869–1877)
26 Hamilton Fish
(1808–1893)
 Republican – March 17, 1869 March 12, 1877 7 years, 360 days New York
27 William M. Evarts
(1818–1901)
 Republican 44–2 March 12, 1877 March 7, 1881 3 years, 360 days New York Rutherford B. Hayes
(1877–1881)
28 James G. Blaine
(1830–1893)
 Republican – March 7, 1881 December 19, 1881 287 days Maine James A. Garfield
(1881)
Chester A. Arthur
(1881–1885)
29 Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
(1817–1885)
 Republican – December 19, 1881 March 6, 1885 3 years, 77 days New Jersey
30 Thomas F. Bayard
(1828–1898)
 Democratic – March 7, 1885 March 6, 1889 3 years, 364 days Delaware Grover Cleveland
(1885–1889)
31 James G. Blaine
(1830–1893)
 Republican – March 7, 1889 June 4, 1892 3 years, 89 days Maine Benjamin Harrison
(1889–1893)
– William F. Wharton
(1847–1919)
 Republican – June 4, 1892 June 29, 1892 25 days Massachusetts
32 John W. Foster
(1836–1917)
 Republican – June 29, 1892 February 23, 1893 239 days Indiana
– William F. Wharton
(1847–1919)
 Republican – February 24, 1893 March 6, 1893 10 days Massachusetts
Grover Cleveland
(1893–1897)
33 Walter Q. Gresham
(1832–1895)
 Democratic – March 7, 1893 May 28, 1895 2 years, 82 days Illinois
– Edwin F. Uhl
(1841–1901)
 Democratic – May 28, 1895 June 9, 1895 12 days Michigan
34 Richard Olney
(1835–1917)
 Democratic – June 10, 1895 March 5, 1897 1 year, 268 days Massachusetts
35 John Sherman
(1823–1900)
 Republican – March 6, 1897 April 27, 1898 1 year, 52 days Ohio William McKinley
(1897–1901)
36 William R. Day
(1849–1923)
 Republican – April 28, 1898 September 16, 1898 141 days Ohio
– Alvey A. Adee
(1842–1924)
 Independent – September 17, 1898 September 29, 1898 12 days New York
37 John Hay
(1838–1905)
 Republican – September 30, 1898 July 1, 1905 6 years, 274 days District of
Columbia
Theodore Roosevelt
(1901–1909)
– Francis B. Loomis
(1861–1948)
 Republican – July 1, 1905 July 18, 1905 17 days Ohio
38 Elihu Root
(1845–1937)
 Republican – July 19, 1905 January 27, 1909 3 years, 192 days New York
39 Robert Bacon
(1860–1919)
 Republican – January 27, 1909 March 5, 1909 37 days New York
40 Philander C. Knox
(1853–1921)
 Republican – March 6, 1909 March 5, 1913 3 years, 364 days Pennsylvania William Howard Taft
(1909–1913)
41 William Jennings Bryan
(1860–1925)
 Democratic – March 5, 1913 June 9, 1915 2 years, 96 days Nebraska Woodrow Wilson
(1913–1921)
42 Robert Lansing
(1864–1928)
 Democratic – June 9, 1915 June 24, 1915 4 years, 249 days New York
June 24, 1915 February 13, 1920
– Frank Polk
(1871–1943)
 Democratic – February 14, 1920 March 14, 1920 29 days New York
43 Bainbridge Colby
(1869–1950)
 Democratic – March 23, 1920 March 4, 1921 346 days New York
44 Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
 Republican – March 5, 1921 March 4, 1925 3 years, 364 days New York Warren G. Harding
(1921–1923)
Calvin Coolidge
(1923–1929)
45 Frank B. Kellogg
(1856–1937)
 Republican – March 5, 1925 March 28, 1929 4 years, 23 days Minnesota
Herbert Hoover
(1929–1933)
46 Henry L. Stimson
(1867–1950)
 Republican – March 28, 1929 March 4, 1933 3 years, 341 days New York
47 Cordell Hull
(1871–1955)
 Democratic – March 4, 1933 November 30, 1944 11 years, 271 days Tennessee Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1933–1945)
48 Edward Stettinius Jr.
(1900–1949)
 Democratic 68–1 December 1, 1944 June 27, 1945 208 days Virginia
Harry S. Truman
(1945–1953)
– Joseph Grew
(1880–1965)
 Independent – June 28, 1945 July 3, 1945 5 days New Hampshire
49 James F. Byrnes
(1882–1972)
 Democratic – July 3, 1945 January 21, 1947 1 year, 202 days South Carolina
50 George C. Marshall
(1880–1959)
 Independent – January 21, 1947 January 20, 1949 1 year, 365 days Pennsylvania
51 Dean Acheson
(1893–1971)
 Democratic 83–6 January 21, 1949 January 20, 1953 3 years, 365 days Maryland
– H. Freeman Matthews
(1899–1986)
 Independent – January 20, 1953 January 21, 1953 1 day Maryland Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1953–1961)
52 John Foster Dulles
(1888–1959)
 Republican – January 21, 1953 April 22, 1959 6 years, 91 days New York
53 Christian Herter
(1895–1966)
 Republican 93–0 April 22, 1959 January 20, 1961 1 year, 273 days Massachusetts
– Livingston T. Merchant
(1903–1976)
 Independent – January 20, 1961 January 21, 1961 1 day District of
Columbia		 John F. Kennedy
(1961–1963)
54 Dean Rusk
(1909–1994)
 Democratic – January 21, 1961 January 20, 1969 7 years, 365 days New York
Lyndon B. Johnson
(1963–1969)
– Charles E. Bohlen
(1904–1974)
 Independent – January 20, 1969 January 22, 1969 2 days District of
Columbia		 Richard Nixon
(1969–1974)
55 William P. Rogers
(1913–2001)
 Republican – January 22, 1969 September 3, 1973 4 years, 224 days Maryland
– Kenneth Rush
(1910–1994)
 Republican – September 3, 1973 September 22, 1973 19 days Florida
56 Henry Kissinger
(1923–2023)
 Republican 78–7 September 22, 1973 January 20, 1977 3 years, 120 days District of
Columbia
Gerald Ford
(1974–1977)
– Philip Habib
(1920–1992)
 Independent – January 20, 1977 January 23, 1977 3 days California Jimmy Carter
(1977–1981)
57 Cyrus Vance
(1917–2002)
 Democratic Voice January 23, 1977 April 28, 1980 3 years, 96 days New York
– Warren Christopher
(1925–2011)
 Democratic – April 28, 1980 May 2, 1980 4 days California
– David D. Newsom
(1918–2008)
 Independent – May 2, 1980 May 3, 1980 1 day California
– Richard N. Cooper
(1934–2020)
 Independent – May 3, 1980 May 3, 1980 0 days Connecticut
– David D. Newsom
(1918–2008)
 Independent – May 3, 1980 May 4, 1980 1 day California
– Warren Christopher
(1925–2011)
 Democratic – May 4, 1980 May 8, 1980 4 days California
58 Edmund Muskie
(1914–1996)
 Democratic 94–2 May 8, 1980 January 18, 1981 255 days Maine
– David D. Newsom
(1918–2008)
 Independent – January 18, 1981 January 22, 1981 4 days California
59 Alexander Haig
(1924–2010)
 Republican 93–6 January 22, 1981 July 5, 1982 1 year, 164 days Connecticut Ronald Reagan
(1981–1989)
– Walter J. Stoessel Jr.
(1920–1986)
 Independent – July 5, 1982 July 16, 1982 11 days California
60 George Shultz
(1920–2021)
 Republican 97–0 July 16, 1982 January 20, 1989 6 years, 188 days California
– Michael Armacost
(b. 1937)
 Independent – January 20, 1989 January 25, 1989 5 days Maryland George H. W. Bush
(1989–1993)
61 James Baker
(b. 1930)
 Republican 99–0 January 25, 1989 August 23, 1992 3 years, 211 days Texas
62 Lawrence Eagleburger
(1930–2011)
 Republican – August 23, 1992 December 8, 1992 150 days Florida
Recess December 8, 1992 January 20, 1993
– Arnold Kanter
(1945–2010)
 Independent – January 20, 1993 January 20, 1993 0 days District of
Columbia
– Frank G. Wisner
(b. 1938)
 Independent – January 20, 1993 January 20, 1993 0 days District of
Columbia		 Bill Clinton
(1993–2001)
63 Warren Christopher
(1925–2011)
 Democratic Voice January 20, 1993 January 17, 1997 3 years, 363 days California
64 Madeleine Albright
(1937–2022)
 Democratic 99–0 January 23, 1997 January 20, 2001 3 years, 363 days District of
Columbia
65 Colin Powell
(1937–2021)
 Republican Voice January 20, 2001 January 26, 2005 4 years, 6 days Virginia George W. Bush
(2001–2009)
66 Condoleezza Rice
(b. 1954)
 Republican 85–13 January 26, 2005 January 20, 2009 3 years, 360 days California
– Bill Burns
(b. 1956)
 Independent – January 20, 2009 January 21, 2009 1 day District of
Columbia		 Barack Obama
(2009–2017)
67 Hillary Clinton
(b. 1947)
 Democratic 94–2 January 21, 2009 February 1, 2013 4 years, 11 days New York
68 John Kerry
(b. 1943)
 Democratic 94–3 February 1, 2013 January 20, 2017 3 years, 354 days Massachusetts
– Tom Shannon
(b. 1958)
 Republican – January 20, 2017 February 1, 2017 12 days Minnesota Donald Trump
(2017–2021)
69 Rex Tillerson
(b. 1952)
 Republican 55–43 February 1, 2017 March 31, 2018 1 year, 58 days Texas
– John Sullivan
(b. 1959)
 Republican – April 1, 2018 April 26, 2018 25 days Massachusetts
70 Mike Pompeo
(b. 1963)
 Republican 57–42 April 26, 2018 January 20, 2021 2 years, 269 days Kansas
– Daniel Bennett Smith
(b. 1956)
 Independent – January 20, 2021 January 26, 2021 6 days Virginia Joe Biden
(2021–2025)
71 Antony Blinken
(b. 1962)
 Democratic 78–22 January 26, 2021 January 20, 2025 3 years, 360 days New York
– Lisa Kenna
(b. 1965)
 Independent – January 20, 2025 January 21, 2025 1 day Vermont Donald Trump
(2025–present)
72 Marco Rubio
(b. 1971)		 Republican 99–0 January 21, 2025 present 1 year, 289 days Florida
  1. ↑ Where no vote is listed, confirmation was by voice vote or otherwise unrecorded.
  2. 1 2 3 As Secretary of War.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 As Attorney General.
  4. ↑ As Chief Justice of the United States.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 As Chief Clerk of the State Department.
  6. ↑ This appears to have been a recess appointment that was never submitted to the Senate.
  7. ↑ As Secretary of the Navy.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 In addition to the president listed, this secretary of state served for a brief period of time (eight days or less) under that president's successor until a replacement could be named and confirmed.
  9. 1 2 3 4 As Assistant Secretary of State.
  10. ↑ As Second Assistant Secretary of State.
  11. ↑ As Counselor for the Department of State.
  12. 1 2 3 As Under Secretary of State.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  14. ↑ As Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 As Deputy Secretary of State.
  16. ↑ As Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs.
  17. ↑ As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  18. ↑ As Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs.
  19. ↑ As Director of the Foreign Service Institute.
  20. ↑ As Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research

Living former secretaries of state

As of September 2025, there are seven living former secretaries of state, the oldest being James Baker (served 1989–1992). The most recent death of a former secretary of state was that of Henry Kissinger (served 1973–1977) on November 29, 2023. The living former secretaries of state, in order of service, are:

Living former secretaries of state

References

  1. ↑ "Protocol Reference". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  2. ↑ "United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service" (PDF). United Nations. January 29, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  3. ↑ "3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act". Cornell Law School. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  4. ↑ 5 U.S.C. § 5312.
  5. ↑ "Abbreviations and Terms" (PDF). 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  6. 1 2 "Cabinet Nominations, since 1789" (PDF). legacy-assets.eenews.net/. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  7. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  8. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753–1813)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  9. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Timothy Pickering (1745–1829)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  10. ↑ "Charles Lee (1758–1815)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  11. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Marshall (1755–1835)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  12. ↑ "Levi Lincoln (1749–1820)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  13. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Madison (1751–1836)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  14. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Smith (1757–1842)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  15. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Monroe (1758–1831)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  16. ↑ "John Graham (1774–1820)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  17. ↑ "Richard Rush (1780–1859)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  18. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  19. ↑ "Daniel Carroll Brent (1770–1841)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  20. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry Clay (1777–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  21. ↑ "James Alexander Hamilton (1788–1878)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  22. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  23. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Livingston (1764–1836)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  24. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Louis McLane (1786–1857)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  25. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Forsyth (1780–1841)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  26. ↑ "Jacob L. Martin (?–1848)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  27. 1 2 "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Daniel Webster (1782–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  28. ↑ "Hugh Swinton Legare (1797–1843)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  29. ↑ "William S. Derrick (?–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  30. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Abel Parker Upshur (1791–1844)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  31. ↑ "John Nelson (1794–1860)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  32. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Caldwell Calhoun (1782–1850)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  33. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Buchanan (1791–1868)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  34. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Middleton Clayton (1796–1856)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  35. ↑ "Charles Magill Conrad (1804–1878)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  36. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Everett (1794–1865)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  37. 1 2 "William Hunter (1805–1886)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  38. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Learned Marcy (1786–1857)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  39. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Lewis Cass (1782–1866)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  40. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Jeremiah Sullivan Black (1810–1883)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  41. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Henry Seward (1801–1872)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  42. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Elihu Benjamin Washburne (1816–1887)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  43. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hamilton Fish (1808–1893)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  44. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Maxwell Evarts (1818–1901)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  45. 1 2 "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Gillespie Blaine (1830–1893)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  46. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen (1817–1885)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  47. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Thomas Francis Bayard (1828–1898)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  48. 1 2 "William Fisher Wharton (1847–1919)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  49. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Watson Foster (1836–1917)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  50. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Walter Quintin Gresham (1832–1895)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  51. ↑ "Edwin Fuller Uhl (1841–1901)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  52. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Richard Olney (1835–1917)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  53. ↑ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Sherman (1823–1900)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
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  86. 1 2 3 "David Dunlap Newsom (1918–2008)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
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  106. ↑ "Antony Blinken (1962–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved 2021-11-10.