Spitamenes

Spitamenes
Doğum	MÖ 370
Ölüm	MÖ 328 (y. 42)
Çatışma/savaşları	Büyük İskender'in seferleri
Çocukları	Apama

Spitamenes (Eski Farsça Spitamana; Yunanca Σπιταμένης ; MÖ 370 - MÖ 328) bir Soğdyalı savaş ağası ve MÖ 329'da Makedonya Kralı Büyük İskender'e karşı Soğdya ve Baktriya'daki ayaklanmanın lideridir. Modern tarihçiler tarafından İskender'in en inatçı düşmanlarından biri olarak kabul edilir.

Hayatı

Spitamenes, Bessus'un müttefikidir. MÖ 329'da Bessus, doğu satraplıklarında bir isyan başlattı ve aynı yıl müttefikleri onu desteklemek konusunda kararsız kalmaya başladı. İskender ordusuyla Drapsaca'ya gitti, Bessus'u kuşattı ve onu kaçmaya zorladı. Bessus daha sonra Spitamenes tarafından iktidardan uzaklaştırıldı ve onu yakalamak için Ptolemaios gönderildi.

İskender, Seyhun Nehri üzerinde yeni İskenderiye Eschate şehrini kurarken, Spitamenes'in Soğdya'yı kendisine karşı kışkırttığı ve Markanda'daki Makedonya garnizonunu kuşattığı haberi geldi. O sırada Spitamenes'e karşı bir orduyu bizzat yönetmek için çok meşgul olan İskender, Farnukes komutasında bir ordu gönderdi ve bu ordu en az 2.000 piyade ve 300 süvari kaybıyla anında yok edildi.

Ayaklanma artık ordusu için doğrudan bir tehdit oluşturuyordu ve İskender Markanda'yı kurtarmak için kişisel olarak harekete geçti, ancak Spitamenes'in Sogdiana'dan ayrıldığını ve Baktriya'ya saldırdığını öğrendi; Baktriya satrapı II. Artabazos (MÖ 328) tarafından büyük zorluklarla geri püskürtüldü.

MÖ 328 yılının Aralık ayında, Spitamenes'in Gabai Muharebesi'nde İskender'in generali Koenus tarafından yenilmesiyle dönüm noktası yaşandı. Spitamenes, bazı hain göçebe kabile liderleri tarafından öldürüldü ve başı İskender'e gönderilerek barış istendi.

Spitamenes'in Apama adındaki kızı, İskender'in en önemli generallerinden biri ve daha sonra bir Diadohoi olacak olan I. Seleukos (MÖ Şubat 324) ile evlenmiştir. Çiftin, gelecekte Seleukos İmparatorluğu'nun hükümdarı olacak I. Antiohos adında bir oğulları olmuştur. Onun şerefine birkaç kasabaya Apamea adı verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

↑ Magill, Frank N. et al. (1998), The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1, Pasadena, Chicago, London,: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, p. 1010, 0-89356-313-7.
↑ Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 64–65 (see footnote #63 for a discussion on Spitamenes and Apama), 90-04-08612-9.
↑ Mairs, Rachel (2020). The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World (İngilizce). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-61027-8. Interest in 'great men' was no longer limited to Alexander, but also to Central Asian figures, in particular the Sogdian Spitamenes, one of Alexander's most tenacious adversaries, connected to Samarkand, whose satrap he had been [...]
↑ Rice, E. E. (1997). Alexander the Great. History Press. s. 39. ISBN 978-0-7524-6838-9. Alexander crossed the Tanais, again with hide rafts, in pursuit of the Scythians but turned back at the news of successful actions by Spitamenes, a Sogdian nobleman and former ally of Bessus, who had attacked the Macedonian garrison at [...]
1 2 Tolstoy, Alexandra (2003). The Last Secrets of the Silk Road In the Footsteps of Marco Polo by Horse and Camel (İngilizce). Globe Pequot Press. s. 39. ISBN 978-1-59228-201-2.
↑ Debra Skelton, Pamela Dell (2005). Empire of Alexander the Great. Chelsea House. s. 39. ISBN 978-1-60413-162-8. Bessus's allies were no longer certain they wanted to back him. In June of 329 B.C. about a year after Alexander began chasing Bessus, the Sogdian leader, Spitamenes, arrested his former ally.
↑ Walbank, Frank W. "Alexander the Great". Britannica. 13 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Eylül 2021. Crossing the Oxus, he sent his general Ptolemy in pursuit of Bessus, who had meanwhile been overthrown by the Sogdian Spitamenes.
↑ Falk, Avner (1996). A psychoanalytic history of the Jews (İngilizce). Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. s. 210. ISBN 978-0-8386-3660-2.
↑ Geller, Kevin (2016). The 100 Most Influential Military Leaders of All Time (İngilizce). Rosen Publishing Group. s. 39. ISBN 978-1-5081-0044-7. [...] he sent his general Ptolemy in pursuit of Bessus, who had meanwhile been overthrown by the Sogdian Spitamenes.
↑ Runion, Meredith L. (2017). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition (İngilizce). ABC-CLIO. s. 49. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1. After passing over the Oxus River, Alexander sent his general Ptolemy to track down Bessus, who at this point was removed from power by the Sogdian Spitamenes.
↑ Debra Skelton; Pamela Dell (2009). Empire of Alexander the Great (İngilizce). Chelsea House. s. 48. ISBN 978-1-60413-162-8.
↑ Erica Marat, Rico Isaacs, (Ed.) (2021). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Central Asia (İngilizce). Taylor & Francis. s. 49. ISBN 978-0-429-60359-4. The dynasty that survived Seleucus through his son Antiochus (by his wife Apama, daughter of the Sogdian Spitamenes) has not attracted a great deal of scholarly attention, but historians know ...
↑ Christelle Fischer-Bovet; Sitta von Reden (2021). Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires: Integration, Communication, and Resistance (İngilizce). Cambridge University Press. s. 49. ISBN 978-0-429-60359-4. Apama, wife of Seleucus I, was the daughter of the Sogdian Spitamenes (Arr. Anab. 7.4.6). She was the mother of Antiochus I and also of Achaios

[1] Magill, Frank N. et al. (1998), The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1, Pasadena, Chicago, London,: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, p. 1010, 0-89356-313-7.

[2] Holt, Frank L. (1989), Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 64–65 (see footnote #63 for a discussion on Spitamenes and Apama), 90-04-08612-9.

[mairs-3] Mairs, Rachel (2020). The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World (İngilizce). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-61027-8. Interest in 'great men' was no longer limited to Alexander, but also to Central Asian figures, in particular the Sogdian Spitamenes, one of Alexander's most tenacious adversaries, connected to Samarkand, whose satrap he had been [...]

[rice-4] Rice, E. E. (1997). Alexander the Great. History Press. s. 39. ISBN 978-0-7524-6838-9. Alexander crossed the Tanais, again with hide rafts, in pursuit of the Scythians but turned back at the news of successful actions by Spitamenes, a Sogdian nobleman and former ally of Bessus, who had attacked the Macedonian garrison at [...]

[tolstoy-5] 1 2 Tolstoy, Alexandra (2003). The Last Secrets of the Silk Road In the Footsteps of Marco Polo by Horse and Camel (İngilizce). Globe Pequot Press. s. 39. ISBN 978-1-59228-201-2.

[empire-6] Debra Skelton, Pamela Dell (2005). Empire of Alexander the Great. Chelsea House. s. 39. ISBN 978-1-60413-162-8. Bessus's allies were no longer certain they wanted to back him. In June of 329 B.C. about a year after Alexander began chasing Bessus, the Sogdian leader, Spitamenes, arrested his former ally.

[brit-7] Walbank, Frank W. "Alexander the Great". Britannica. 13 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Eylül 2021. Crossing the Oxus, he sent his general Ptolemy in pursuit of Bessus, who had meanwhile been overthrown by the Sogdian Spitamenes.

[falk-8] Falk, Avner (1996). A psychoanalytic history of the Jews (İngilizce). Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. s. 210. ISBN 978-0-8386-3660-2.

[brit2-9] Geller, Kevin (2016). The 100 Most Influential Military Leaders of All Time (İngilizce). Rosen Publishing Group. s. 39. ISBN 978-1-5081-0044-7. [...] he sent his general Ptolemy in pursuit of Bessus, who had meanwhile been overthrown by the Sogdian Spitamenes.

[runion-10] Runion, Meredith L. (2017). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition (İngilizce). ABC-CLIO. s. 49. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1. After passing over the Oxus River, Alexander sent his general Ptolemy to track down Bessus, who at this point was removed from power by the Sogdian Spitamenes.

[skeldell-11] Debra Skelton; Pamela Dell (2009). Empire of Alexander the Great (İngilizce). Chelsea House. s. 48. ISBN 978-1-60413-162-8.

[maraacs-12] Erica Marat, Rico Isaacs, (Ed.) (2021). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Central Asia (İngilizce). Taylor & Francis. s. 49. ISBN 978-0-429-60359-4. The dynasty that survived Seleucus through his son Antiochus (by his wife Apama, daughter of the Sogdian Spitamenes) has not attracted a great deal of scholarly attention, but historians know ...

[cambridge-13] Christelle Fischer-Bovet; Sitta von Reden (2021). Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires: Integration, Communication, and Resistance (İngilizce). Cambridge University Press. s. 49. ISBN 978-0-429-60359-4. Apama, wife of Seleucus I, was the daughter of the Sogdian Spitamenes (Arr. Anab. 7.4.6). She was the mother of Antiochus I and also of Achaios