Voiced bilabial nasal

Voiced bilabial nasal
m
IPA number114
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)m
Unicode (hex)U+006D
X-SAMPAm
Braille⠍ (braille pattern dots-134)

A voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound which has been observed to occur in about 96% of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m⟩. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Very few languages (e.g. Wyandot) are known to lack this sound. A small number of languages have been observed to lack independent nasal phonemes altogether, such as Quileute, Makah, and Central Rotokas.

Features

Sagittal section of a voiced bilabial nasal

Features of a voiced bilabial nasal:

Occurrence

Occurrence of /m/ in several languages.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
ǃKungm[m]'eat'
Adygheмазэ / māză[maːza]ⓘ'moon'
ArabicStandardمركز (markaz)[ˈmɑ̝ɾ.kæz]ⓘ'capital'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEasternմայր (mayr)[mɑjɾ]ⓘ'mother'
Assyrianܡܪܐ (mara)[maːra]'owner'
Basquemaitatu[majt̪at̪u]ⓘ'to love'
Bengaliমাতা (mata)[ˈmat̪aˑ]ⓘ'mother'See Bengali phonology
Bretonmor[mor]'sea'
Bulgarianмъгла (mygla)[mɐˈɡwa]ⓘ'fog'
Burushaskiakhuruman[akʰuruman]'so many'
Catalanmeu[ˈmew]'mine'See Catalan phonology
CherokeeᎠᎹ (ama)[ama˦]'water'
Cantonese貓 / 猫 (māau)[maːu̯˥]ⓘ'cat'See Cantonese phonology
ChukchiMанэгран[maneɣɻan]'tent'
Chuvashманăн (manën)[manən]'my'
Czechmuž[muʃ]ⓘ'man'See Czech phonology
Dutchmond[mɔnt]ⓘ'mouth'See Dutch phonology
Dhivehimas[mas̪]'fish'See Dhivehi phonology
Englishmap[ˈmæpʰ]ⓘ'map'See English phonology
Esperantomateno[maˈteno]ⓘ'morning'See Esperanto phonology
Estonianmadu[ˈmɑtu̞]ⓘ'snake'See Estonian phonology
Filipinomanok[mɐˈnɔʔk]ⓘ'chicken'See Filipino phonology
Finnishmies[ˈmie̞s̠]ⓘ'man'See Finnish phonology
Frenchmère[mɛːʁ]ⓘ'mother'See French phonology
Georgianსამი (sami)[ˈsami̞]ⓘ'three'See Georgian phonology
GermanMaus[maʊ̯s]ⓘ'mouse'See Standard German phonology
Greekμάζα (maza)[ˈmaza]ⓘ'clump'See Modern Greek phonology
Gujaratiમોર (mór)[moːɾ]'male peacock'See Gujarati phonology
Hawaiianmaka[maka]'eye'See Hawaiian phonology
Hmong White Hmong𖬒𖬶𖬦 (mov)[mo˨˦]'food' or 'rice'
Hindiमछली (machlī)[mɐt͡ʃʰ.liː]ⓘ'honey'See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hebrewאמא (ima)[ˈʔimäʔ]'mother'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarianma[mɒ]ⓘ'today'See Hungarian phonology
Indonesianmasuk[ˈmäsʊʔ]'enter'
Italianmamma[ˈmamma]ⓘ'mommy'See Italian phonology
Japaneseマーク (maku)[mäkɯ]'mark'See Japanese phonology
Kabardianмазэ (mazè)[maːza]'moon'
Kagayanenmanang[manaŋ]'older sister'
Kazakhкеме / keme[keme]'ship'See Kazakh phonology
Ketqīm-n-diŋa[qim n diŋa]'woman'See Ket language
Khmerខ្មែរ (khmae)[kʰmae]ⓘ'Khmer'See Khmer phonology
Korean섬 / seom[sʰʌ̹m]ⓘ'straw sack'See Korean phonology
Kurukhaḍḍō-mekhō[aɖɖo mekʰo]'cattle'
Lakлакку маз (lakku maz)[lakːu maz]'Lak'See Lak language
Limburgishde moan[mɒ̌ːn]ⓘ'the moon'See Limburgish#Phonology
Macedonianмајка (majka)[ˈmajka]ⓘ'mother'See Macedonian phonology
Malaymalam[mɐlɐm]ⓘ'night'
Malayalamകമ്മി (kammi)[kɐmmi]ⓘ'shortage'See Malayalam phonology
Maltesemimmi[mɪmːɪ]ⓘ'pupil'
Mandarin貓 / 猫 (māo)[mɑʊ̯˥]ⓘ'cat'See Mandarin phonology
Marathiमन (mën)[mən]ⓘ'mind'See Marathi phonology
Mutsunmuruṭ[muɾuʈ]'night'
Nepaliआमा (āmā)[ämä]'mother'See Nepali phonology
Norwegianmamma[ˈmɑ̂mːɑ]ⓘ'mom'See Norwegian phonology
Ojibweᐊᓈᒥᒻ (anaamim)[ənaːˈmɪm]'accuse'See Ojibwe phonology
Odiaମା (mä)[mäː]ⓘ'mother'
Persianمادر (madär)[mɒːˈdæːr]ⓘ'mother'See Persian phonology
Pirahãbaíxi[ˈmàí̯ʔì]'parent'allophone of /b/
Polishmasa[ˈmäsä]ⓘ'mass'See Polish phonology
Portuguesemato[ˈmatu]ⓘ'bush'See Portuguese phonology
Punjabiਮੈਂ (mēm̐)[mɛ̃ː]ⓘ'I'
Sanskritअहम् (aham)[ähäm]ⓘ'I'See Sanskrit phonology
Serbo-Croatianморе / more[môːɾɛ]ⓘ'sea'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakmuž[muʂ]ⓘ'man'
Slovenemiš[mîʃ]'mouse'
Spanishmamar[maˈmaɾ]ⓘ'to suckle'See Spanish phonology
Swahilimiti[ˈmiti]ⓘ'trees'
Swedishen mamma[ˈmâmːa]ⓘ'a mom'See Swedish phonology
Teluguమబ్బు (mabbu)[mabːu]ⓘ'cloud'Occurs as allophone of anuswara when followed by retroflex stops
Thaiเมรุมาศ (merúmâat)[meː˧ɾ̞u˦˥maːt̚˥˩]ⓘ'royal crematory structure [th]'See Thai phonology
Toki Ponamama[ˈmama]ⓘ'parent'
Tsezмец (mec)[mɛ̝t͡s]'tongue'
Turkishcuma[d͡ʒumɑ̈ː]ⓘ'Friday'See Turkish phonology
Ukrainianмолоко (moloko)[moɫoˈkʊ̯ɔ]ⓘ'milk'See Ukrainian phonology
Urduنعم (magar)[məɣəɾ]ⓘ'house'See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Uyghurمەن (män)[mæn]'I'
Uzbekmen[men]'I'
Vietnamesemuối[mwojˀ˧˥]ⓘ'salt'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshmam[mam]ⓘ'mother'See Welsh phonology
West Frisianmar[mar]'lake'See West Frisian phonology
Yiꂷ (ma)[ma˧]'bamboo'
ZapotecTilquiapanman[maŋ]'animal'

Palatalized

Occurrence of /mʲ/ in several languages.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bulgarianмя́сто (mästo)[mʲa̟sto]ⓘ'place'Contrasts with /m/. See Bulgarian phonology
Irishmé[mʲeː]'I'Contrasts with /mˠ/. See Irish phonology
Kildin Saamiме̄рр (mʹērr)[mʲerː]'sea'Kildin Saami contrasts varieties of bilabial nasals in voicedness, length and palatalization.
Latgalianmiļti[mʲilʲtʲi]'flour'Contrasts with /m/. See Latgalian phonology
Lithuanianmerkti[ˈmʲæ̂ˑɾʲktʲɪ]ⓘ'to close one's eyes'Contrasts with /m/. See Lithuanian phonology
Marshalleseemān[ɛmʲænʲ]'four'Contrasts with /mˠ/.
NenetsTundra Nenetsмяˮ/ḿaq[mʲɑ]'tent'Contrasts with /m/.
Forest Nenetsмиԓи'lived'
Russianмедь (měď)[mʲetʲ]ⓘ'copper'Contrasts with /m/. See Russian phonology
Vepsnem'[nemʲ]'peninsula'Contrasts with /m/.

Velarized

Occurrence of /mˠ/ in several languages.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Gilbertesemwe[mˠe]'sleep'Contrasts with /m/ and /mː/.
Irishmá[mˠɑː]'if'Contrasts with /mʲ/. See Irish phonology
Lithuanianmama[ˈmˠɐmˠɐ]'mom'Transcribed /m/. Contrasts with /mʲ/. See Lithuanian phonology
Marshallesem̧winam̧ōn[mˠinʲɑmˠʌnʲ]'caterpillar'Contrasts with /mʲ/.
Russianмуж (muž)[mˠuʂ]ⓘ'husband'Broadly marked with either velarisation, uvularisation or pharyngealisation. Contrasts with palatalized version. See Russian phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Segments - m". PHOIBLE. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  2. ↑ Ian Maddieson (2009). "Nasals and Nasalization: Revisiting universals". Nasal 2009. Wikidata Q115902630. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Ian Maddieson  (help)
  3. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  4. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
  5. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  6. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  7. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  8. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  9. ↑ Newton (1972), p. 10.
  10. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 139.
  11. ↑ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  12. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. ↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  15. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  16. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  17. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  18. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  19. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  20. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  21. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  22. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  23. ↑ Klagstad (1958), p. 48.
  24. 1 2 Rießler (2022), p. 222.
  25. 1 2 Nau (2011), p. 12, 14.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Choi (1992), p. 14.
  27. 1 2 3 Burkova (2022), p. 680.
  28. ↑ Burkova (2022), p. 681.
  29. 1 2 Grünthal (2022), p. 294.
  30. ↑ Trussel & Groves (1978).
  31. ↑ Ambrazas et al. (1997), pp. 15, 36.
  32. ↑ Ambrazas et al. (1997), pp. 35–6.
  33. ↑ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  34. ↑ Roon & Whalen (2019).
  35. ↑ Padgett et al. (2024).

References