1888

1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1888th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 888th year of the 2nd millennium, the 88th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1888, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

August

• August 1 – Carl Benz is issued with the world's first driving licence by the Grand Duchy of Baden.
• August 5 – Bertha Benz arrives in Pforzheim having driven 40 miles (64 km) from Mannheim in a car manufactured by her husband Carl Benz, thus completing the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile.
• August 7 – Whitechapel murders: The body of London prostitute Martha Tabram is found, a possible victim of Jack the Ripper.
• August 9
  • A fire destroys the Main Building, the heart of Wells College in Aurora, New York, causing a loss of $130,000.
  • The Oaths Act permits the oath of allegiance taken to the Sovereign by Members of Parliament (MPs) to be affirmed, rather than sworn to God, thus confirming the ability of atheists to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
• August 10 – Dr Friedrich Hermann Wölfert’s motorised airship successfully completes the world’s first engine-driven flight, from Cannstatt to Kornwestheim in Germany.
• August 13 – The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales, redraws some county boundaries, and gives women the vote in local elections. It also declares that "bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes, and other similar machines" be carriages within the meaning of the Highway Acts (which remains the case), and requires that they give audible warning when overtaking "any cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, or any foot passenger", a rule abolished in 1930.
• August 20 – A mutiny at Dufile, Equatoria, results in the imprisonment of the Emin Pasha.
• August 22 – Earliest evidence of a death and injury by a meteorite, in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
• August 24 –The first trams in Tallinn (Reval), horsecars, begin operation.
• August 28 – The longest date in roman numerals is achieved, as "VIII-XXVIII-MDCCCLXXXVIII". In contrast, the shortest date (I-I-MM) will be achieved 111 years later on January 1, 2000.
• August 31 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Ann Nichols is found; she is considered the first victim of Jack the Ripper.

Births

January–February

• January 1 – Victor Goldschmidt, Swiss geochemist (d. 1947)
• January 8 – Matt Moore, Irish-born American actor (d. 1960)
• January 18 – Thomas Sopwith, English aviation pioneer, yachtsman (d. 1989)
• January 19 – Millard Harmon, American general (d. 1945)
• January 20 – Lead Belly, American folk, blues singer (d. 1949)
• January 22 – Carlos Quintanilla, 37th President of Bolivia (d. 1964)
• January 23 – Aritomo Gotō, Japanese admiral (d. 1942)
• January 24
  • Vicki Baum, Austrian writer (d. 1960)
  • Ernst Heinkel, German aircraft designer (d. 1958)
• January 29 – Wellington Koo, Chinese statesman (d. 1985)
• February 2 – Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (d. 1969)
• February 5 – Bruce Fraser, British admiral (d. 1981)
• February 6 – Nell W. Walker, American politician from West Virginia (d. 1962)
• February 8 – Edith Evans, British actress (d. 1976)
• February 11 – John Warren Davis, American educator, college administrator, and civil rights leader (d. 1980)
• February 13 – Georgios Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1968)
• February 14 – Chandrashekhar Agashe, Indian industrialist (d. 1956)
• February 17 – Otto Stern, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1969)
• February 19
  • Tom Phillips, British admiral (d. 1941)
  • Aurora Quezon, First Lady of the Philippines (d. 1949)
• February 20 – Georges Bernanos, French writer (d. 1948)
• February 25 – John Foster Dulles, United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)
• February 27
  • Lotte Lehmann, German singer (d. 1976)
  • Arthur Schlesinger Sr., American historian (d. 1965)

March–April

• March 4 – Knute Rockne, American football player, coach (d. 1931)
• March 5 – Peg Leg Howell, American country blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1966)
• March 7 – William L. Laurence, American journalist (d. 1977)
• March 10
  • Barry Fitzgerald, Irish actor (d. 1961)
  • Ilo Wallace, Second Lady of the United States (d. 1981)
• March 17– Paul Ramadier, 63rd Prime Minister of France (d. 1961)
• March 18– Jerry Dawson, English footballer, Burnley and national team (d. 1970)
• March 25 – Timothy Detudamo, Nauruan Head Chief (d. 1953)
• March 26 – Elsa Brändström, Swedish nurse (d. 1948)
• March 29 – Enea Bossi Sr., Italian-born American aerospace engineer, aviation pioneer (d. 1963)
• March 30 – Anna Q. Nilsson, Swedish-American silent film star (d. 1974)
• April 1 – Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr., American general (d. 1969)
• April 2 – Sir Neville Cardus, British cricket, music writer (d. 1975)
• April 3 – Thomas C. Kinkaid, American admiral (d. 1972)
• April 4 – Tris Speaker, American professional baseball player, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame (d. 1958)
• April 6
  • Hans Richter, German artist and filmmaker (d. 1976)
  • Gerhard Ritter, German historian (d. 1967)
• April 12 – Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, 28th president of Ecuador (d. 1952)
• April 18 – Duffy Lewis, American Major League Baseball player (d. 1979)
• April 26 – Anita Loos, American writer (d. 1981)
• April 27 – Florence La Badie, Canadian actress (d. 1917)

May–June

• May 8 – Maurice Boyau, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)
• May 9 – Francesco Baracca, Italian World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)
• May 10 – Max Steiner, Austrian-American composer (d. 1971)
• May 11
  • Irving Berlin, American composer (d. 1989)
  • Willis Augustus Lee, American admiral (d. 1945)
  • Lucie Randoin, French biologist, nutritionist, expert in dietary significance of vitamins (d. 1960)
• May 13 – Inge Lehmann, Danish seismologist, geophysicist (d. 1993)
• May 17 – Tich Freeman, English cricketer (d. 1965)
• May 18 – William Hood Simpson, American general (d. 1980)
• May 23 – Zack Wheat, American Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1972)
• May 25 – Miles Malleson, English actor (d. 1969)
• May 26 – Anne Azgapetian, Russian Red Cross worker (d. 1973)
• May 28 – Kaarel Eenpalu, 7th Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942)
• May 31 – Jack Holt, American actor (d. 1951)
• June – David Dougal Williams, British painter and art teacher (d. 1944)
• June 13 – Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese writer (d. 1935)
• June 17 – Heinz Guderian, German general (d. 1954)
• June 22
  • Milton Allen, Governor of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (d. 1981)
  • Harold Hitz Burton, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1964)
• June 24 – Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch architect (d. 1964)
• June 27 – Antoinette Perry, American stage director for whom the Tony Award is named (d. 1946)
• June 29 – Squizzy Taylor, Australian gangster (d. 1927)

July–August

• July 5 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)
• July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)
• July 16
  • Percy Kilbride, American actor (d. 1964)
  • Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)
• July 17 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
• July 22 – Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-born American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973)
• July 23 – Raymond Chandler, American-born novelist (d. 1959)
• July 25 – Johannes Spieß, German U-boat commander during World War I (d. 1972)
• August 4 – Taher Saifuddin, Indian Bohra spiritual leader (d. 1965)
• August 6 – Heinrich Schlusnus, German baritone (d. 1952)
• August 9
  • Auguste Cornu, French Marxist philosopher and historian of philosophy (d. 1981)
  • Eduard Ritter von Schleich, German fighter ace, air force general (d. 1947)
• August 13 – John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor (d. 1946)
• August 16 – T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), British liaison officer during the Arab Revolt, writer and academic (d. 1935)
• August 17
  • Pieter van der Hoog, Dutch bacteriologist, dermatologist, and Islamicist (d. 1957)
  • Monty Woolley, American actor (d. 1963)
• August 20 – Tôn Đức Thắng, 2nd president of Vietnam (d. 1980)
• August 25 – Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi, Pakistani scholar, politician (d. 1963)
• August 28 – Evadne Price, Australian-British writer, actress and astrologer (d. 1985)
• August 29 – Gunichi Mikawa, Japanese admiral (d. 1981)

September–October

• September 2, Helen Clay Frick, American philanthropist and art collector (d. 1984)
• September 5 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher, politician and 2nd President of India (d. 1975)
• September 6
  • Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., American politician (d. 1969)
  • Zeng Junchen, Chinese drug baron (d. 1964)
• September 8 – Ida McNeil, American broadcaster and designer of the flag of South Dakota (d. 1974)
• September 12 – Maurice Chevalier, French singer and actor (d. 1972)
• September 16
  • Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Finnish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
  • W. O. Bentley, English engineer, entrepreneur (d. 1971)
• September 17 – Michiyo Tsujimura, Japanese agricultural scientist (d. 1969)
• September 18 – Grey Owl, British conservationist, impostor, writer (d. 1938)
• September 20 – John Painter, American supercentenarian, world's oldest man between 1999 and 2001 (d. 2001)
• September 26
  • J. Frank Dobie, American folklorist, journalist (d. 1964)
  • T. S. Eliot, American-born British poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
• September 28 – Seán Lester, Irish diplomat (d. 1959)
• October 4 – Friedrich Olbricht, German general (d. 1944)
• October 6 – Roland Garros, French pilot (killed in action 1918)
• October 7
  • Renya Mutaguchi, Japanese general (d. 1966)
  • Henry A. Wallace, 33rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1965)
• October 8 – Ernst Kretschmer, German psychiatrist (d. 1964)
• October 9 – Nikolai Bukharin, Russian Bolshevik and Soviet politician (d. 1938)
• October 14 – Katherine Mansfield, New Zealand fiction writer (d. 1923)
• October 16
  • Eugene O'Neill, American playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
  • Paul Popenoe, American eugenicist (d. 1979)
  • Mikhail Kaganovich, Soviet politician (d. 1941)
• October 17 – Paul Bernays, Swiss mathematician (d. 1977)
• October 24 – Carlo Bergamini, Italian admiral (d. 1943)
• October 25 – Lester Cuneo, American actor (d. 1925)
• October 30 – Alan Goodrich Kirk, American admiral (d. 1963)
• October 31 – Hubert Wilkins, Australian explorer of the Arctic (d. 1958)

November–December

• November 1 – Viliami Tungī Mailefihi, 7th Premier of Tonga (d. 1941)
• November 7
  • Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarcho-communist revolutionary (d. 1934)
  • C. V. Raman, Indian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
• November 9 – Jean Monnet, French political economist, diplomat and a founding father of the European Union (d. 1979)
• November 11 – Maulana Azad, Indian Independence movement activist,writer,statesman and one of the pioneer of Hindu Muslim unity.
• November 15
  • José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban World chess champion (1921–1927) (d. 1942)
  • Harald Sverdrup, Norwegian scientist (d. 1957)
• November 23 – Harpo Marx, American comedian (d. 1964)
• November 24
  • Dale Carnegie, American writer, lecturer (d. 1955)
  • Cathleen Nesbitt, British actress (d. 1982)
• November 29 – Oswald Rayner, British MI6 agent (d. 1961)
• November 30 – Ralph Hartley, American electronics researcher, inventor (d. 1970)
• December 3 – Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Polish-born Chief Rabbi of Ireland and Israel (d. 1959)
• December 4
  • Alexander I of Yugoslavia (d. 1934)
  • Donald B. Beary, American admiral (d. 1966)
• December 6 – Will Hay, British actor, comedian (d. 1949)
• December 7
  • Joyce Cary, Northern Irish author (d. 1957)
  • Jinichi Kusaka, Japanese admiral (d. 1972)
• December 16 – Alphonse Juin, French general, Marshal of France (d. 1967)
• December 18
  • Dame Gladys Cooper, English actress (d. 1971)
  • Robert Moses, American civil engineer, public works director, highway and bridge builder (d. 1981)
• December 19 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)
• December 22 – Theodore Stark Wilkinson, American admiral (d. 1946)
• December 25 – Bonita Wa Wa Calachaw Nuñez, American painter (d. 1972)
• December 28 – F. W. Murnau, German film director (d. 1931)
• December 29 – Josef Beran, Czechoslovak cardinal and archbishop (d. 1969)

Deaths

January–March

• January 7 – Golam Ali Chowdhury, Bengali landlord and philanthropist (b. 1824)
• January 19 – Anton de Bary, German biologist (b. 1831)
• January 20 – William Pitt Ballinger, Texas lawyer, southern statesman (b. 1825)
• January 29 – Edward Lear, British artist, writer (b. 1812)
• January 31 – John Bosco, Italian priest, youth worker, educator and founder of the Salesian Society (b. 1815)
• February 3 – Sir Henry Maine, British jurist (b. 1822)
• February 5 – Anton Mauve, Dutch painter (b. 1838)
• February 9 – Augusto Riboty, Italian admiral and politician (b. 1816)
• February 22 – Anna Kingsford, British women's rights activist (b. 1846)
• February 24 – Seth Kinman, American hunter, settler (b. 1815)
• March 6
  • Louisa May Alcott, American novelist (b. 1832)
  • Josif Pančić, Serbian botanist (b. 1814)
• March 9 – Wilhelm I, German Emperor, King of Prussia (b. 1797)
• March 12 – Henry Bergh, founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (b. 1813)
• March 16 – Hippolyte Carnot, French statesman (b. 1801)
• March 23 – Morrison Waite, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1816)
• March 27 – Francesco Faà di Bruno, Italian mathematician (b. 1825)
• March 29 – Charles-Valentin Alkan, French composer, pianist (b. 1813)

April–June

• April 4 – Emma Elizabeth Smith, Whitechapel Murders victim (b. 1843)
• April 14 – Emil Czyrniański, Polish chemist (b. 1824)
• April 15 – Matthew Arnold, English poet (b. 1822)
• April 17 – Ephraim George Squier, American archaeologist, newspaper editor (b. 1821)
• April 19 – Thomas Russell Crampton, English engineer (b. 1816)
• May 6 – Abraham Joseph Ash, American rabbi (b. c. 1813)
• May 11 – Frederick Miller, German-born American brewer and businessman (b. 1824)
• May 15 – Edwin Hamilton Davis, American archaeologist, physician (b. 1811)
• May 19 – Julius Rockwell, United States politician (b. 1805)
• May 26 – Ascanio Sobrero, Italian chemist (b. 1812)
• June 7 – Edmond Le Bœuf, French general, Marshal of France (b. 1809)
• June 8 – Sir Duncan Cameron, British army general (b. 1808)
• June 15 – Frederick III, German Emperor, King of Prussia (b. 1831)
• June 23  – Edmund Gurney, British psychologist (b. 1847)

July–September

• July 1 – Maiden of Ludmir, Jewish religious leader (b. 1805)
• July 4 – Theodor Storm, German writer (b. 1817)
• July 9 – Jan Brand, 4th president of the Orange Free State (b. 1823)
• July 20 – Paul Langerhans, German pathologist, biologist (b. 1847)
• August 5 – Philip Sheridan, American general (b. 1831)
• August 7 –
  • Richard Clarke, Canadian politician, Ontario MPP
  • Martha Tabram, possible first victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1849)
• August 9 – Charles Cros, French poet (b. 1842)
• August 16 – John Pemberton, American pharmacist, founder of Coca-Cola (b. 1831)
• August 20 – Henry Richard, Welsh peace campaigner (b. 1812)
• August 23 – Philip Henry Gosse, British scientist (b. 1810)
• August 24 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist, contributor to thermodynamics (b. 1822)
• August 31 – Mary Ann Nichols, generally considered the first victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1845)
• September 6 – John Lester Wallack, American theater impresario (b. 1820)
• September 8 – Annie Chapman, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1841)
• September 11 – Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Argentine politician, writer, and father of education (b. 1811)
• September 23 – François Achille Bazaine, French general (b. 1811)
• September 24 – Karl von Prantl, German philosopher (b. 1820)
• September 30
  • Catherine Eddowes, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1842)
  • Elizabeth Stride, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1843)

October–December

• October 16
  • Horatio Spafford, American author of the hymn It Is Well With My Soul (b. 1828)
  • John Wentworth, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815)
• October 26 – William Thomas Hamilton, American politician (b. 1820)
• November 1 – Nikolay Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (b. 1839)
• November 9 – Mary Jane Kelly, generally considered the fifth and final victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1863)
• November 10 – George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, British army officer and aristocrat (b. 1800)
• November 11 – Pedro Ñancúpel, Chilean pirate active in the fjords and channels of Patagonia. He was executed.
• November 13 – José María Díaz, Spanish romanticist playwright and journalist (b. 1813)
• November 17 – Dora d'Istria, Romanian/Albanian writer and nationalist (b. 1828)
• November 24 – Cicero Price, American commodore (b. 1805)
• December 2 – Namık Kemal, Turkish patriotic poet, social reformer (b. 1840)
• December 3 – Carl Zeiss, German optician, founder of Carl Zeiss AG (b. 1816)
• December 10 – William E. Le Roy, American admiral (b. 1818)
• December 20 – Rose Mylett, Whitechapel murders victim (b. 1859)
• December 24 – Mikhail Loris-Melikov, Russian statesman, general (b. 1826)
• December 31
  • Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi (b. 1808)
  • John Westcott, American surveyor and politician (b. 1807)

References

Further reading

• 1888 Annual Cyclopedia (1889) highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for year 1888; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 831 pp