Amoraim

The Amoraim (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַמוֹרָאִים, romanized: ʾamōrāʾīm; singular Amora אַמוֹרָא amōrā, "those who say", "those who speak over the people", or "spokesmen") were Jewish scholars active primarily in Babylonia and the Land of Israel from about 200 to 500 CE, who interpreted the Mishnah and expounded and clarified the Oral Torah after its initial codification. They succeeded the Tannaim in the traditional sequence of ancient Jewish scholars: whereas the Tannaim transmitted the still-uncodified oral tradition and their debates were preserved in the Mishnah, the Amoraim interpreted that material, and their legal discussions and debates were subsequently recorded in the Talmud and codified in the Gemara. Their halakhic rulings were regarded as having the same validity as those of the Tannaim, and they also continued and developed the aggadic tradition.

Close communication was maintained between the Palestinian and Babylonian schools through messengers and travelling scholars, which accounts for sayings of Babylonian Amoraim appearing in the Palestinian Talmud and Palestinian teachings appearing in the Babylonian tradition. In Palestine, scholars ordained by the nasi and the Sanhedrin bore the title "Rabbi", whereas Babylonian scholars were known as "Rav". In addition to teaching, the Amoraim performed communal duties, including serving as judges and distributing charitable funds. More than 2,000 Amoraim can be identified across the approximately three-century period, although some names are inevitably confused or uncertain.

AcharonimRishonimGeonimSavoraimAmoraimTannaimZugot

The Amoraic era

The first Babylonian Amoraim were Abba Arikha, respectfully referred to as Rav, and his contemporary and frequent debate partner, Shmuel. Among the earliest Amoraim in Israel were Johanan bar Nappaha and Shimon ben Lakish. Traditionally, the Amoraic period is reckoned as seven or eight generations (depending on where one begins and ends). The last Amoraim are generally considered to be Ravina I and Rav Ashi, and Ravina II, nephew of Ravina I, who codified the Babylonian Talmud around 500 CE. In total, 761 amoraim are mentioned by name in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds. 367 of them were active in the land of Israel from around 200–350 CE, while the other 394 lived in Babylonia during 200–500 CE.

In the Talmud itself, the singular amora generally refers to a lecturer's assistant; the lecturer would state his thoughts briefly, and the amora would then repeat them aloud for the public's benefit, adding translation and clarification where needed.

Prominent Amoraim

The following is an abbreviated listing of the most prominent of the (hundreds of) Amoraim mentioned in the Talmud. More complete listings may be provided by some of the external links below. See also List of rabbis.

First generation (approx. 230–250 CE)

The term "judges of the Exile" in the Babylonian Talmud is associated with Karna and Samuel of Nehardea.

Second generation (approx. 250–290 CE)

Tomb of the Amoraim in Tiberias

Third generation (approx. 290–320 CE)

Fourth generation (approx. 320–350 CE)

Fifth generation (approx. 350–371 CE)

Sixth generation (approx. 371–427 CE)

Seventh generation (approx. 425–460 CE)

Eighth generation (approx. 460–500 CE)

Stammaim

Stammaim is a term used by some modern scholars, such as David Weiss Halivni, for the rabbis who composed the anonymous (stam) statements and arguments in the Talmud, some of whom may have worked during the period of the Amoraim, but who mostly made their contributions after the amoraic period. See also Savoraim.

References

  1. ↑ Gideon Golany, Babylonian Jewish Neighborhood and Home Design, 1999, p. 38.
  2. 1 2 3 Bowker, John, ed. (1997). "Amoraim". The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-19-213965-7. OCLC 896422819.
  3. ↑ Judith R. Baskin; Kenneth Seeskin (31 July 2010). The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-68974-8. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  4. ↑ "Amoraim". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  5. ↑ David Guttmann (2006-03-21). "Believing is Knowing: Professor Halivni and the Sealing of the Gemara - a new chronology". Yediah.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-04-11.