Barinophyton

Barinophyton
Temporal range: Devonian–Carboniferous
Barinophyton citruliforme fossil, New York State Museum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: †Barinophytes
Genus: †Barinophyton
White (1905) emend. Brauer (1980)
Species
  • B. citrulliforme Arnold (1939)
  • B. norvegicum (Høeg 1935) Schweitzer & Geisen (2008)
  • B. obscurum (Dun 1898) White (1905)
  • B. perryanum White (1905)
  • B. richardsoni (Dawson 1861) White (1921)
  • B. robustius A.R. Ananiev (1955)
  • B. sibricum Petrosian (1962)
Synonyms

Barinophyton was a genus of early land plant with branching axes. It is placed in a group of early vascular plants (tracheophytes), the barinophytes, a group that has been given various ranks and scientific names. Known fossils are of Devonian to Carboniferous age (420 to 299 million years ago).

Phylogeny

Kenrick and Crane in 1997 placed two species of Barinophyton along with the genus Protobarinophyton in the Barinophytaceae in their Sawdoniales, well nested within the zosterophylls. A summary cladogram produced by Crane et al. in 2004, shows Barinophyton in the core of a paraphyletic stem group of broadly defined zosterophylls, basal to the lycopsids (living and extinct clubmosses and relatives).

lycophytes
       

† Hicklingia

 †basal groups 

Adoketophyton, Discalis, Distichophytum (=Rebuchia), Gumuia, Huia, Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Z. llanoveranum, Z. fertile

 †'core' zosterophylls 

Zosterophyllum divaricatum, Tarella, Oricilla, Gosslingia, Hsua, Thrinkophyton, Protobarinophyton, Barinophyton obscurum, B. citrulliforme, Sawdonia, Deheubarthia, Konioria, Anisophyton, Serrulacaulis, Crenaticaulis

 †basal groups 

Nothia, Zosterophyllum deciduum

 lycopsids 

extant and extinct members

The phylogenetic position of the barinophytes remains disputed. Taylor et al. in 2009 considered the barinophytes to be possible lycopsids rather than zosterophylls. Hao and Xue in 2013 suggested that they were not lycopsids, instead falling between this group and the euphyllophytes.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009). Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press. pp. 325–326. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8.
  2. ↑ White, D. (1905). "Paleontology". In Smith, G.O. & White, D. (eds.). The Geology of the Perry Basin of South-eastern Maine (PDF). Professional Paper 35. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. pp. 35–84. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  3. ↑ Brauer, D.F. (1980). "Barinophyton citrulliforme (Barinophytales Incertae Sedis, Barinophytaceae) from the Upper Devonian of Pennsylvania". American Journal of Botany. 67 (8): 1186–1206. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07752.x. Cited in Brauer (1981).
  4. ↑ Brauer, David F. (1981). "Heterosporous, barinophytacean plants from the upper Devonian of North America and a discussion of the possible affinities of the Barinophytaceae". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 33 (2–4): 347–362. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(81)90092-0.
  5. ↑ Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997). The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-56098-730-7.
  6. ↑ Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004). "Fossils and plant phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1683–99. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683. PMID 21652317.
  7. ↑ Hao, Shougang & Xue, Jinzhuang (2013). The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants. Beijing: Science Press. pp. 55, 246. ISBN 978-7-03-036616-0. Retrieved 2019-10-28.