From April 1995 to September 2002, the channel was known as Public Russian Television (Russian: Общественное Российское Телевидение, romanized:Obshchestvennoye Rossiyskoye Televideniye, ORT[oˈɛrˈtɛ]). The main news programmes are Vremya and Novosti.
Channel One's main competitors are the Russia-1, NTV, 5TV and TV Centre channels. The channel has over 2,900 employees as of 2023.
When the Soviet Union was abolished, the Russian Federation took over most of its structures and institutions. One of the first acts of Boris Yeltsin's new government was to sign a presidential decree on 27 December 1991, providing for Russian jurisdiction over the central television system. The All-Union State Television and Radio Company (Gosteleradio) was transformed into the Russian State Television and Radio Company Ostankino, a shareholding company, with 51% of its shares remaining with the state.
Boris Abramovich Berezovsky, a Russian oligarch, gained control over ORT Television to replace the failing Programme One. He appointed the popular anchorman and producer Vladislav Listyev as the CEO of ORT. Three months later Listyev was assassinated amid a fierce struggle for control of advertising sales.
A presidential decree of 30 November 1994 transformed Ostankino into a closed joint-stock company, called Russian Public Television (Obshchestvennoe Rossiyskoye Televidenie, or ORT). The shares were distributed between state agencies (51%) and private shareholders, including numerous banks (49%). The partial privatization was inspired by the intolerable financial situation of Ostankino owing to huge transmission costs and a bloated payroll (total staff of about 10,000 in early 1995). In February 1995, the channel announced it would stop airing commercial advertising which was seen by network executives as a "source of great irritation and disappointment". It wasn't clear when the law would be passed; its lifting depended on the introduction of new advertising rules. After the fallout from Listyev's death on 1 March, Alexander Yakovlev resigned from his post as chairman, as the channel was facing an uncertain future on the verge of becoming ORT.
Following the 1998 financial collapse, which almost resulted in them becoming insolvent, the channel obtained a government loan of $100 million from state-controlled Vnesheconombank. Also in 1998, the closed joint stock company was transformed into an open stock company. However, controlling votes on the board of directors remained in the hands of structures linked to then-Kremlin-connected businessman Boris Berezovsky. Thanks to this state of affairs, Berezovsky was able to preserve control over the channel's cash flows as well as over its editorial line until 2000.
From 1 April 1995 to late 2002, the channel was called ORT (ОРТ—Общественное Российское Телевидение, Obshchestvennoye Rossiyskoye Televideniye; Public Russian Television). It maintained most of Ostankino Channel One's program lineup, many dating to the Soviet era, such as Vremya, KVN, Chto? Gde? Kogda?, V mire zhivotnykh and Travelers' Club; the last two are no longer broadcast on this channel.
In November 2024, the German government ordered the closure of Channel One's local bureau in Berlin and expelled its employees, citing security threats to the European Union and the channel's role in the formation of public opinion.
Broadcasting
The main broadcasting center is in Ostankino Tower, Moscow. In September 2008, the channel installed new digital audio mixing systems in their new state-of-the-art broadcast complex located in the Ostankino Television Technical Centre in Moscow. The new Channel One news facility opened in March 2008 and features advanced server technology with equipment from manufacturers such as Evertz. Channel One began broadcasting a 1080ihigh-definition signal on 24 December 2012.
At the end of 2018, a separate feed of Channel One's schedule was launched for each of the eleven time zones of Russia. Previously, there had been only five feeds for the entire country—one operating on Moscow Time and variations time-shifted ahead by two, four, six, and eight hours. This caused programming in some time zones to air one hour earlier or later than the time specified in schedules.
Channel One can be streamed on the internet for free on 1tv.ru for viewers in Russia and 1tv.com is for international viewers, though most programs of the Russian version of the channel can be seen internationally too.
In autumn of 1999 the channel actively participated in that year's State Dumaelectoral campaign by criticizing Moscow mayor Yuriy Luzhkov, Yevgeny Primakov and their party Fatherland-All Russia, major opponents of the pro-Putin party Unity. Sergey Dorenko, popularly dubbed as TV-killer, was a close ally of business oligarch and media magnate Boris Berezovsky. From September 1999 to September 2000 he hosted the influential weekly program simply called Sergey Dorenko's Program on Saturdays at 9pm. This was especially heavy on criticism and mercilessly attacked Putin's opponents.
In August 2000, however, his program criticized how the Putin government handled the explosion of the Russian submarine Kursk. When Dorenko's show was in turn suspended on 9 September 2000, ORT director-general Konstantin Ernst insisted that— contrary to Dorenko's allegations— the government had not been involved in the change. Ernst stated that he yanked the show because Dorenko had defied his orders to stop discussing the government's plan to nationalize Boris Berezovsky's 49-percent stake in the network.
Berezovsky claims that in 2001 he was forced by the Putin administration to sell his shares. He first tried to sell them to a third party, but failed. A close friend of Berezovsky, Nikolai Glushkov, was arrested while seriously ill, and Berezovsky gave up the shares and transferred them to Roman Abramovich's Sibneft with the understanding that Glushkov would then be released. This promise was not fulfilled. Soon after Berezovsky's withdrawal, the new ownership changed the channel's name to Pervy Kanal (Channel One). Konstantin Ernst remains as general director.
Management and shareholders
2005
According to the inspection conducted by the Accounts Chamber of Russia and initiated by MP Alexander Lebedev, in 2005 the channel had the following shareholders structure and board of directors:
ORT Bank Consortium, RastrKom 2002 and EberLink (49%) are controlled by Roman Abramovich, while Rosimushchestvo, ITAR-TASS and TTTs vote on behalf of the Russian state (51%).
2006
As of 2006, the Board of Directors of the Channel One consisted of:
Sergei Naryshkin (Chairman of the Board of Directors, Minister, Chief of Staff of the Russian Government);
Konstantin Ernst (Director General of the Channel One);
Vladimir Putin's close friend Yuriy Kovalchuk, through his holding company National Media Group, owns stakes in several of Russia's most influential television channels, including Channel One.
2023
As of 2023, the state owned 34.23% of Channel One, along with a "golden share". VTB Bank controlled 32.89% of the shares, National Media Group owned 19.46%, and Sogaz held a 13.42% stake.
Sister channels
Active
Channel One owns some digital-only television channels (under brand Channel One Digital TV-family, Цифровое телесемейство Первого канала):
Critics charge that Channel One's news and information programs are frequently used for propaganda purposes. As Konstantin Ernst stated in his interview to The New Yorker, "it would be strange if a channel that belonged to the state were to express an anti-government point of view". The critics contend that Channel One airs a disproportionate number of stories focusing on positive aspects of official government policy, while largely neglecting certain controversial topics such as war in Chechnya or social problems. In addition, some have argued that the station's news reports often blur the line between factual reporting and editorial commentary, especially when broadcasting stories concerning Russian government policies or goals.
Moreover, various media reported that the channel presented biased coverage of other events that were closely connected to Russia's foreign policy, including the Ukrainian elections to the Verkhovna Rada in 2007, the Euromaidan of 2013–2014, and the following annexation of Crimea. The channel was also criticized for ignoring Alexei Navalny's political activities, namely his participation in the Moscow mayoral election of 2013. Vladimir Pozner, one of the channel's most popular TV hosts, once admitted in an interview to The New Yorker that there is a list of people who are not allowed to participate in his show.
Channel One news reports on 16 January 2016 about a 13-year-old girl with German and Russian citizenship in Berlin who was allegedly raped by immigrants was denounced by the German police as fake. German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier has accused the Russian government of using the alleged rape for "political propaganda".
On 26 February 2018, Channel One used footage from multinationalmilitary simulation organization Echelon International, attempting to pass it off as authentic Syrian War footage.
On 14 March 2022, Marina Ovsyannikova, an editor for Channel One, interrupted a live broadcast of Vremya to protest against the Russian invasion of Ukraine, carrying a poster stating in a mix of Russian and English: "Stop the war, don't believe the propaganda, here you are being lied to."
Original programming on historical themes
Some of the television period dramas produced by Channel One were series criticized for low level of historical accuracy, for instance – Brezhnev, The Saboteur, Yesenin and Trotsky.
Cruelty to animals
On the morning of 12 January 2008, during the current affairs program Health (Russian: «Здоровье») hosted by Yelena Malysheva covering Guillain–Barré syndrome, a rat was violently killed in one of the segments. Some viewers stated that this was intolerable for a program whose audience includes children, and that it violated the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, some claim that viewing such violent and cruel scenes poorly affected the health of some children and people.
Visual identity
Since its replacement on 1 April 1995, the logo features a 1 in various designs.
Logo history
When ORT began broadcasting, its first logo was a simple "1" block inside a circle outline, but on 1 October 1995, a logo featuring an italic "1" was launched, with the ОРТ typograph. An alternate version of the 1995 logo had blue and white colors.
On 1 January 1997, another logo featuring a golden italic "1" was launched, with a partial ring and the ОРТ letters now in 3 separate blocks, which was designed by Novocom, along with Igor Barbe. On 1 October 2000, the current logo was launched, featuring a "1" with a partial cut, on a dark blue background. The current logo was designed by ORT Design. With the renaming of "ОРТ" to "Channel One Russia" on 2 September 2002, the idents were changed to match the new network's name; however, the 2000 logo is still used.
↑A. Petrova (21 September 2000). "TV journalist Sergey Dorenko". The Public Opinion Foundation Database. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
↑Vladimir Pribylovsky; Yuri Felshtinsky. "Операция "Наследник" (Operation 'Heirs')". Штрихи к политическому портрету В. В. Путина (Sketches toward a political portrait of Vladimir Putin) (in Russian). Retrieved 23 April 2008.
↑Vladimir Temniy (20 October 2005). "Электронным СМИ – положительный заряд"[The electronic media — a positive charge] (in Russian). grani.ru. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
↑Арина Бородина (11 April 2007). "Телелидеры 2-8 апреля" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
↑Виктор Степанов (21 November 2014). "Гонят в пропасть" (in Russian). TJournal. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
↑Алексей Токарев, Владимир Тимаков, Павел Казарин (1 December 2014). "Двойная Россия" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved 24 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑Chelovek Sred' (18 January 2008). "Убить за рейтинг"[Kill for the rating]. Rosbalt (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
12joint venture with Amperwelle Studio München Programmanbietergesellschaft, Axel Springer AG, Burda, Studio Gong, m.b.t. Mediengesellschaft der bayerischen Tageszeitungen für Kabelkommunikation, Medienpool and Radio Bavaria Rundfunkprogrammgesellschaft.
↑joint venture with Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack, Studio Gong Niedersachsen and Brune-Rieck-Beteiligungs.
↑joint venture with Axel Springer, Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Lühmanndruck Harburger Zeitungsgesellschaft and Morgenpost Verlag.
