Clan Chattan

Clan Chattan
Profile
RegionHighland
DistrictInverness
Chief
Malcolm Mackintosh of Torcastle, 33rd Chief of Clan Chattan, a resident of New Zealand represented by John Mackintosh of Mackintosh, 31st Chief of Clan Mackintosh and President of the Clan Chattan Association.
Historic seatTor Castle in Lochaber, Moy Hall in Inverness (current)
Septs of Clan Chattan
Allied clans
See each member clan's list but most significantly: Clan MacDougall (early period), Clan Bruce (early period), Clan Donald (early period), Clan Grant, Clan Mackenzie of Kintail, Clan Campbell of Cawdor, Clan Rose, Clan Erskine (Earls of Mar) on occasion, Clan Gordon (Earls of Huntly) on occasion
Rival clans
See each member clan's list but most significantly: Clan Donald (early period), Clan Cumming, Clan Cameron, Clan MacDonald of Keppoch, Clan Erskine (Earls of Mar) on occasion, Clan Gordon (Earls of Huntly) on occasion

Clan Chattan (Scottish Gaelic: Na Catanaich or Clann Chatain), also sometimes referred to as "Clan Dhugaill" (Quehele) after its progenitor Dougall-Dall, is a unique confederation of Highland Scottish clans. This distinctive allied community comprised at its greatest extent seventeen separate clans (currently twelve), who each had their own clan chief recognized under Scottish law, but were further united and bound to the superior chief of the Confederation for mutual solidarity, sustenance and protection in the Middle Ages and early modern period in the Great Glen and Cairngorms. A tribal coalition of this magnitude was a source of apprehension to both the Lord of the Isles and the Kings of Scots and records exist of machinations to "crying doon the Clan Chattan" by fomenting internal dissension.

Origins and early history

There are multiple theories about the true origins of this clan:

In the time of Malcolm II of Scotland, the Clan Chattan possessed the lands of Glen Loy and Loch Arkaig. It was then that Tor Castle became the clan chief's seat. Not much is certain about the history of the clan until towards the end of the 13th century.

The merging of the Chattan and Mackintosh clans

Eva (most probably incorrectly anglicized from Aife), daughter and heiress of Gilpatric or Dougal Dall, 6th chief of Clan Chattan in Lochaber, married Angus Mackintosh, 6th chief of Clan Mackintosh, in 1291. Thus Angus Mackintosh also became 7th chief of Clan Chattan. Some members of alternative male inheritance lines have however questioned the validity of this decision through a female line, has led to occasional discord. Neither side of this dispute has questioned the historicity of Aife, merely the inheritance line.[failed verification]

Migration out of Lochaber

The couple resided at Tor Castle before withdrawing to Rothiemurchus, apparently due to the enmity of Aonghus Óg of Islay, chief of Clan Donald, the uncle of Angus Mackintosh. Tradition has it that he had intended to marry Eva off to one of his family members, and in so doing acquire the Clan Chattan lands. As a result, the lands at Arkaig were occupied by Clan Cameron who claimed that they had been abandoned. This was the beginning of a long and bitter feud that was fought between the Clan Chattan and Clan Cameron until 1666.

Another reason for the migration, explained in MacPherson clan traditions, is that in 1309, Robert the Bruce offered the lands of Badenoch to them if they destroyed the Bruce's enemies, the Clan Comyn.

Earliest written documents

The earliest official document, the MS 1467, which recognises the Clan Chattan is dated 1467; but the chronicler Bower, writing about 1440, speaks of Clan Chattan in 1429. Bellenden, in his translation of Boece, about 1525, is the first who mentions this clan having been at the Inches in Perth in 1396, and this probably owing to a misprint in the original, of Clan Quhete for Quhele. He referred to it as Quhattan.

From singular clan to Confederation

Prior to the 14th century, the Clan Chattan was a conventional clan. However it evolved into an alliance or confederation of at least seventeen clans, which was made up of:

  1. the descendants of the "blood" or the original clan (Clan Cattanach, Clan Vurich/Clan MacPherson, Clan MacPhail and Clan Dhai/Clan Davidson (according to Skene) and possibly Clan Vean/Clan MacBean (or McBain)). The MacMartins of Clan Cameron and Clan MacMillan are also sometimes described as having been originally related to the Old Clan Chattan but having parted ways.
  2. the Clan Mackintosh and their cadet branches (Clan Shaw, Clan Farquharson, Clan MacThomas) and Clan Davidson (according to the Kinrara MS, the clan's principal account of their origins and early history).
  3. families who were not originally related by blood or who took protection: Clan MacGillivray (joined early around 1268), Clan Tearlach/the Macleans of Dochgarroch,, the Clan Revan/MacQueens of Strathdearn who came as protectors of a bride and the Clan Inteir/MacIntyres of Badenoch. Other lesser-known clans are also recorded:
    • The Vic Gories, who took protection around 1369.
    • The Dhus of Strathnairn, who took protection around 1373.
    • Clan Slioch Gow Chruim/The Gows or Smiths, who took protection around 1399.
    • Clan Clerich/The Clarks, who took protection around 1400.
    • Clan Tarril: the Kinrara MS also states, "In the time of Lachlan (8th of Mackintosh, who died in 1407), a small clan from Strathnairn settled in Petty, becoming followers of Mackintosh." Within two generations however, their status changed. Gillespie, a brother of the Earl of Ross, entered Petty with reivers driving off cattle and inhabitants. The invaders were surprised at Culloden by Duncan and two other sons of Malcolm Mackintosh, who recovered the stolen goods, but were too late for Clan Tarril, nearly all of whom were slain.
    • The Sliochd Gillie vor (mhòr?) MacAonas who took protection around 1485.
    • The Finlay Cheir who took protection around 1502. and
    • 'Clan an t-Saoir', Clan Andrish or the MacAndrews ('Clan Gillandrish'). The Kinrara MS states that a Donald MacGillandris was part of a bridal retinue of Mora MacDonald of Moidart, future wife of the 10th Chief of Mackintosh. Settled at Connage in Petty, this family is mentioned in a royal summons for the "Maisterfull spoliatioun" of Halhill in 1513 with Dougal Mor Mackintosh.
Lineages of the ancestries and merging of Clans Chattan and MacKintosh, forming the early Confederation. Based on the recorded genealogies of clans Macpherson, Davidson and Mackintosh (click to enlarge).

Another unique process was the assimilation of other clans' septs by force, such as the MacNivens, a sept of Clan Comyn. With the invasion of Badenoch by Clan MacPherson under instruction from Robert the Bruce, Comyn allies such as the MacNivens were attacked and their lands seized. This led to events such as the Nine Sons Incident and the Siege of the Cellar. With no male heirs left, the MacNiven co-heiresses agreed to marriage to the Mackintosh lairds, becoming a protected sept of the Mackintosh and stopping further attacks by the Macphersons. Details of this arrangement can be found in The Gordon Castle Indenture, a primary legal record dated 23 September 1475

The Skene assumption

William Forbes Skene, however, gave a different version of how Clan Chattan was formed prior to the Mackintosh alliance. Clan Vuirich (Clan MacPherson) and Clan Day (Clan Davidson) were the original co-founders and referred to as old Clan Chattan. Added to these were six "stranger septs" who took protection from the clan. These were Clan Vic Ghillevray (Clan MacGillivray), the Clan Vean (Clan MacBean), the Clan Vic Govies, the Clan Tarrel, the Clan Cheanduy, and the Sliochd Gowchruim or Smiths.

However, Skene's phrase about "stranger septs" and the names linked to them is not supported by any of the works of the respected Clan Chattan historians, and may therefore be a historical error by Skene, whose shortcomings have been noted by later writers – one of Skene's harshest critics was the Scottish philologist Alexander MacBain.

Sir Æneas Mackintosh/Charles-Fraser Mackintosh assumption

Noted historian of Clan Chattan, Charles Fraser-Mackintosh, in his 'An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; its kith and kin' (the work known as 'Minor Septs of Clan Chattan') published a list of 16 associated tribes of Clan Chattan, along with an associated date reference, as written down by Sir Æneas Mackintosh. It begins with The Clan vic Gillivray, 1271. The second clan is The Clan Wurrich (Macpherson), 1291 and the third is The Clan Vean (Macbeans), 1292; then the fourth is The Clan Day (Davidsons), 1350. Others follow including (No.9) The Clan Tearlich (Macleans of the North), 1400, (No.10) The Clan Revan (Macqueens), 1400 and (No.14) The Clan Phail (Macphails), 1500.

In his 'The Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan' (1903), A. M. Mackintosh arranges his chapters to provide a history of Clan Chattan, its chiefs and its Mackintosh branches, then in Chapter XV details the 'Tribes and Families of Clan Chattan other than the Mackintoshes of Inverness-shire'.

The members today

Today, the Clan Chattan Association, which is based in Scotland with members across the world, comprises the following twelve principal clans:

Approximate location of the different clans throughout the Confederation lands. Note: Clan boundaries were known to change over time and were not static. This is a general map of Clan Chattan lands at their greatest extent. This map also does not include any temporary Mackintosh lands in the Lochaber district.

Chiefs

Old Chattan Chiefs

The following is a list of the traditional chiefs of the Clan Chattan before marriage between Aife/Eva, heiress of Clan Chattan, with the Chief of Clan Mackintosh, through whose marriage a new line of Mackintosh Captains (Chiefs) of Clan Chattan was created :

No. Name
1 Gillicattan Mor, first known chief of Clan Chattan
2 Diarmid
3 Gillicattan,
4 Muirach, father of Gillicattan, and Ewan Ban, father of the 3 branches of Clan Macpherson
5 Gillicattan
6 Dougal or Gilpatric, his daughter married Angus Mackintosh, 6th chief of Clan Mackintosh, thus Mackintosh became 7th chief of Clan Chattan.

Thereafter the Chiefs of Clan Mackintosh are also the Chiefs of Clan Chattan. See: Chiefs of Clan Mackintosh.

The Chattan Confederation Chiefs

Each Clan in the Confederation retained their chiefs, but acknowledged the Mackintosh chief as the overall Captain of the Confederation.

Arms of all the Clan Chiefs in the Clan Chattan Confederation

The separation of titles

In 1942, the Lyon Court separated the leadership of Clan MacKintosh and Clan Chattan. The leadership of Clan Chattan passed to the Mackintosh of Torcastle line. The Chief of Clan Mackintosh had been at the same time Captain of Clan Chattan, until the death of Alfred Donald Mackintosh of Mackintosh CBE, who chose as his heir to the Mackintosh inheritance Rear-Admiral Lachlan Donald Mackintosh CB DSO DSC. The omission of a stipulation in Alfred's will, concerning inheritance of the captaincy of Clan Chattan, led The Lord Lyon of the day to create the historic separation of the two titles. Lachlan became The Mackintosh of Mackintosh, and his cousin Duncan Alexander Eliott Mackintosh became Mackintosh of Mackintosh-Torcastle, and Head of the hail kin of Clan Chattan.

Rear Admiral L.D. Mackintosh WWII

At this juncture the chieftainship of Mackintosh and Clan Chattan split.

The last few Clan Chattan Confederation chiefs therefore were:

Clan Mackintosh therefore remains the principal clan of the Clan Chattan Confederation and the current and past Mackintosh of Mackintosh has been President of the Clan Chattan Association.

Battles, Skirmishes and Raids

Clan Chattan as a whole or as individual clans were involved in the following events:

Gathering the Confederation for Battle

No single gathering point is known to exist for the entire Confederation to have ever used, but several other gathering points have been identified:

Panorama South from Chattan Clan monument to Sarah Justina Macpherson of Cluny at Creag Dhubh, Laggan, Scotland

The Ceann-feadhna

It was not always possible for the Captain of the Chattan Confederation/Chief of Clan Mackintosh to lead in a battle. On occasion he was either a infant or too old. In such circumstances these powers would be given to a Ceann-feadhna or a Leader of the Band. Two well known examples include:

  • Seath Mòr Sgòr Fhiaclach, Chief of Shaw, as the Ceann-feadhna at the Inches of Perth in 1396.
  • Alexander MacGillivray of Dunmaglass, Chief of Clan MacGillivray as the Ceann-feadhna at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.
Clan Chattan stone grave markers at Culloden

Confederation Agreements

The list below shows some of the more important agreements of the Confederation in terms of bands of union, friendship, maintenance and manrent.

1397 Band of Union

The Chattan Confederation's first band may have been created in 1397 after the Battle of the North Inch, but it only lasted 14 years until 1411 when Clan MacPherson decided to take a different stand from the rest of the Chattan Confederation in regional politics.[failed verification]

1543 Band of Union

Signed at Inverness by most of the chiefs of the septs of Clan Chattan, including the Macphersons, they agreed that they would support their chief, William Mackintosh, 15th of Mackintosh, as a vassal of the Earl of Huntly.

1609 Band of Union

After the death of Mackintosh of Dunnachten in 1606, the Mackintoshes made an effort to reunite the clan and bring to an end the "controversies, questions, debates and hosts, that has fallen furth betwixt the said haill kin of Clan Chattan these times bygone, whereupon there followed groat incanvanisnciss". The Earls of Mar and Huntly who had been feuding, had fueled this division to gain advantage over each other had also been a major cause of this disunity. The Chattan Confederation came together at Termit about five miles from Inverness in 1609 to sign a new Band.

1664 Band of Union

Renewal of the 1609 Band, signed at Kincairne, but with an additional clause of action against Ewan Cameron in response to a Royal Commission seeing the Camerons as rebels at that point.

1727 Band of Subscription

Following the Jacobite Rising of 1715, the British Crown and its Forfeited Estates Commission of 1716, targeted the Highlands with disarmament acts and land forfeiture laws such as the Crown Lands (Forfeited Estates) Act of 1715. Lawyers, used intricate property laws to aggressively sue chiefs and strip them of their ancestral estates. The leadership of Confederation realized that if they did not adapt to the legal system, the entire Confederation would be systematically dismantled. An early Clan Association was therefor founded, paid for by subscription and headed by the Chiefs of the MacIntosh and MacPherson younger of Cluny, to raise funds for the employment of lawyers, agents and procurators at Edinburgh, Inverness and Badenoch to attend to any actions and causes by or against the Confederation or any of its branches or members. Speculators also tried to buy up debt notes of Chattan landowners and used the Edinburgh courts to evict families. Whenever a Forfeited Estates court order was issued against a member of Clan Chattan, the fund's lawyers immediately filed countersuits. They used technicalities in old feudal charters to prove the land technically belonged to the superior chief (who had strategically remained neutral or loyal during the 1715 fighting), thereby preventing the government from evicting any minor tenant.

An example of such a case funded by this subscription is from 1756, Alexander, Duke of Gordon, versus Donald MacPherson. The Duke of Gordon looking to break a wadset rental agreement looked for a technicality. He had stipulated that rental be paid in gold, but had been paid in banknotes, which he claimed was contrary to the agreement. This judgement established case law that banknotes was legal tender and saved these MacPhersons from being evicted.

1756 Band of Union (Deed of Consent)

The MacBeans of Faillie ventured into land holdings[clarification needed] but had developed a huge debt. As the MacBean's estate was not enough to pay off the debt, these lands fell under control of the court. The whole debt, with interests and costs, then fell onto the wider Clan Chattan. The burden, however, was still too heavy, and the estate was of little use to the MacBeans after 1744.

Post Culloden, the lands around Loch Laggan and the wider Badenoch region historically held by the Macphersons of Cluny also faced permanent forfeiture and hostile state redistribution.

In 1756, leading members of Clan Chattan signed the 'Letter of Authority' for Mackintosh to redeem the Loch Laggan estate. Charles Fraser-Mackintosh recorded details of those who signed, in his 'Minor Septs of Clan Chattan' (pages 46-47), with these words:

In 1756 William Macbean consents to Mackintosh's reclaiming the Laggan lands, signing the deed of consent as brother-german and representative of the deceased Donald Macbean of Faillie. The deed is also signed by many others of Clan Chattan, including Alexander Macphail of Inverernie, eldest son and heir, served and retoured to the deceased Robert Macphail of Inverernie; by Robert Mackintosh, Tacksman of Termite, eldest son in life of the deceased Lachlan Mackintosh of Strone; by William Mackintosh of Aberarder, heir and representative of the deceased William Mackintosh of Aberarder, his grandfather; by William Mackintosh of Holme, eldest son and heir of the deceased John Mackintosh of Holme; and by John Mackintosh of Culclachie, eldest son and heir of the deceased Angus Mackintosh of Culchlachie. All these heads of Clan Chattan sign at Gask, in Strathnairn, upon the 27th October 1756, in presence of Donald Macbean, son of Donald MacBean, vintner in Inverness; and Alexander Fraser, farmer in the Mains of Tordarroch. This document is particularly interesting as it is dated several years after the Heritable Jurisdictions Acts, and clan associations.

When the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 came into effect, it abolished such agreements and the powers of clan chiefs. By pooling their resources under Mackintosh, the Clan Chattan Confederation successfully prevented outside political interests from permanently buying up the Loch Laggan basin.

2009 Band of Union

To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the 1609 Clan Chattan Band of Union, a new Band of Union was signed in 2009 to renew the clan's historic connection.

Other agreements

Internal and external disputes that affected the unity of the Confederation

Internal disputes

Internal Arbitration

The 1609 Band of Union refers to twelve prominent men that would act as arbitrators to settle internal disputes, which could no longer be settled by the sword or taken to external royal courts. Any future controversies had to be submitted directly to the Chief along with the twelve. Whatever this council of twelve arbitrated and decided, all parties were legally bound to accept without appeal. Levying of "Cro", traditional fines for injury or slaughter had to be paid immediately in livestock or silver as determined by the twelve, bypassing lengthy external court battles. There is also a recorded agreement dated 4 June 1726, appointing MacGillivray of Dunmaglass arbiter between Lachlan, 20th chief of MacKintosh, and Lachlan MacPherson of Cluny, in any disputes that might arise in the carrying out of an agreement made between the two at Moy Hall on 15 September 1724.

External disputes

Throughout the 16th Century, the Clan Chattan Confederation was caught up in the machinations of the Earls of Mar, Moray and Huntly, particularly George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, mainly to use parts of the clan in their respective earldoms in disputes between themselves. This led to external attempts to divide the various tribes of Clan Chattan by undermining known internal disputes.

James Stuart, 3rd Earl of Moray tried to take back lands in Pettie and Strathern from Clan Chattan. His father, James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray had gifted them for loyal support. This then resulted in an insurrection against the Earl. The Earl then issued at letter of intercommuning against the Clan Chattan, preventing anyone from assisting or harboring clan members under severe penalty. The matter was resolved after large fines were paid and several clan members executed. Details of this issue was recorded by John Spalding, a noted historian of the era.

Clan Chattan lands affected by expanding Earldoms circa 17th century

Post Culloden and Highland Clearances

Clan Chattan was not immune to Government reprisals after the Battle of Culloden. Key land forfeitures and consequences included:

From Confederation to Association

The activities of the Clan are carried on by the Clan Chattan Association, a descendant of the original association established in 1727 for the purpose of defending the interests of the clan "against all who would seek the injury of any of its subscribers".

In the nineteenth century, many clan societies and associations emerged, with the aim of promoting social interaction between people linked by a common name, and interest in their clan's history. Among these was the second Clan Chattan Association, founded in Glasgow in 1893. Initial support for the association was strong with the meetings, lectures and dances described as "a brilliant success", but it faded out by about 1900. Even so, clan historians of that period produced several works which are still used today.

In the summer of 1933, the third Clan Chattan Association was founded in London. Now based in Scotland, the association has worldwide membership. It organizes a number of activities, such as the annual events in early August at Moy Hall in conjunction with the Highland Field Sports Fair. Members are kept informed of events through the annual journal of the association.

Approximation of Clan Chattan Association Flag circa 2024

Modern Council of Clan Chattan Association

The council of Clan Chattan Association comprises eight Chiefs, who represent all of the individual clans, as president and Vice Presidents:

Of the remaining clans of the Chattan Confederation:

Clan Profile

Image Notes
Clan Chief's Coat of Arms:
  • Left upper quadrant: A Rampant Lion used to denote the relation to ancient royalty.
  • Right upper quadrant: A bloody hand holding a heart is believed to be an allusion to the heart of Robert the Bruce and thus intended to express the clan's loyalty to him. The description of this quarter in the shield is officially given in the 1947 Matriculation with the wording: 2nd, argent, a dexter hand couped fessways holding a heart in pale Gules, a label Azure in chief charged with three 'bulls' heads cabossed of the first for difference (for Mackintosh). By comparison, the description of this quarter in the 1947 Matriculation of the Chief of Clan Mackintosh is 2nd, argent, a dexter hand couped fessways grasping a heart paleways gules – i.e. no label.
  • Left lower quadrant: A Boars Head | Depicts the clan connection to the House of Gordon through marriage, and
  • Right lower quadrant: An Azure (blue) Lymphad of pre-1947 may allude to the clan's connection with the Lord of the Isles.
  • At the centre, the Azure (blue) lymphad on a gold shield shown 'inescutcheon', along with a difference in the 2nd quarter of the main shield, distinguishes the arms as those of Mackintosh of Mackintosh-Torcastle, Chief of Clan Chattan, as opposed to those of Mackintosh of Mackintosh, Chief of Clan Mackintosh.
* Crest badge: A cat salient, proper.
  • Clan's motto: "Touch not the cat bot a glove" or "Na bean don chat gun lamhainn" in Scottish Gaelic ("bot" meaning "without"). (The archaic spelling of 'catt', and the use of either 'but' or 'bot' are present in different sources in various combinations).

There is various thoughts as to the origin of the cat as this clan's crest: 1. As a play on words related Saint Catan. 2. As an ancient totem: The original clan residence, Tor Castle has a field adjacent called Dail a’ Chait i.e. ‘The field of the Cats’ where ‘Divination’ is said to have occurred. The correct designation is Tigh-ghairm nan Cat; i.e. ‘The House of Invocation of the Cats.

Clan Chattan tartan. Individual Clans of Clan Chattan each have their own tartans. There is however also a specific Clan Chattan tartan, formerly known as Mackintosh Chief, recognised by The Lord Lyon in 1938. James Logan, author of the Scottish Gael states that the Chief of the Clan Mackintosh, Sir Aeneas Mackintosh of that Ilk, acknowledged this sett as the Clan tartan in 1816. ('The Scottish Gael' 1831). It was also included in the recording of Arms by George C McChlery, Public Register of Arms and Bearings 44/66 on 22 August 1960.
Heraldic Standard of Clan Chattan.
Clan plant badge: Red Whortleberry or Braoileag, Latin vaccinium vitis-idaea
Clan crests of the entire Chattan Confederation

In Folklore and Culture

"Syne he has gane far hynd attowre
Lord Chattan's land sae wyde
That Lord a worthy wight was ay
Quhen faes his courage seyd :
Of Pictish race by mother's syde,
Quhen Picts ruled Caledon,
Lord Chattan claim'd the princely maid,
Quhen he saift Pictish crown."

"I cam’ in by Fiddichside on a May morning
I spied Willie MacIntosh an hour before the dawning
Turn again, turn again, turn again, I bid ye
If ye burn Auchindoun, Huntly he will heid ye
Heid me or hang me, that shall never fear me
I’ll burn Auchindoun, tho’ the life leaves me"

"Though thy cause was the cause of the injured and brave,
Though thy death was the hero’s and glorius thy grave,
With thy dead foes around thee, piled high on the plain,
My sad heart bleeds o’er thee, my Gillies MacBain!
How the horse and the horsemen thy single hand slew!
But what could the mightiest single arm do?
A hundred like thee might the battle regain;
But cold are thy hand and heart, Gillies MacBain!
With thy back to the wall and thy breast to the targe,
Full flashed thy claymore in the face of their charge;
The blood of their boldest that barren turf stain,
But alas! Thine is reddest there, Gillies MacBain!"

Image from first illustrated version of Kidnapped from 1895. A scene set in Cluny's Cage

People who have had a huge influence on the Chattan Confederation

Castles and other structures associated with the Confederation

See also

Published academic works

References

  1. 1 2 Lawson, H. A. B. (27 March 1947). "Two entries: one for Mackintosh of Mackintosh-Torcastle and one for Mackintosh of Mackintosh" (PDF). The Edinburgh Gazette. p. 125. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Scots Kith & Kin. HarperCollins. 2014. p. 57. ISBN 9780007551798.
  3. ↑ "The Clan". clanmacthomas.org. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  4. ↑ "Clan MacThomas". celticlifeintl.com. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  5. ↑ Mac an Tàilleir, Iain. "Ainmean Pearsanta". Sabhal Mòr Ostaig. Archived from the original (docx) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Way, George of Plean; Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. Glasgow: HarperCollins (for the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-00-470547-5.
  7. ↑ Fraser-Mackintosh, Charles (1898). An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan, Its Kith and Kin. Glasgow: John MacKay 'Celtic Monthly' Office. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  8. ↑ "Clan Chattan Association". clanchattan.org.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  9. ↑ Adam, Frank (1907). The Clans, Septs and Regiments of the Scottish Highlands (PDF). Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Johnston. pp. 208–209. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2025. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  10. 1 2 Hewison, James King (1893). The Isle of Bute in the Olden Time, with illustrations, maps and plans. Vol. 1. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons. pp. 138, 229, 232, 248. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  11. 1 2 Mackintosh of Mackintosh, Margaret; Mackintosh of Mackintosh, Lachlan (1982). The Clan Mackintosh and the Clan Chattan. MacDonald (Publishers). ISBN 0-904265-73-0.pg 12-13
  12. ↑ MacIntosh, Donald; A collection of Gaelic proverbs, and familiar phrases; accompanied with an English translation, intended to facilitate the study of the language; illustrated with notes. ... By Ge d’ db’eignicbear an fean-f bocal, cha bbreugaicbeare, Edinburgh,1785, pg. 19
  13. ↑ Mackintosh-Shaw, Alexander (1880). Historical Memoirs of the House and Clan of Mackintosh and of the Clan Chattan. London: Printed for the author by R. Clay, Sons and Taylor. pp. 72–73. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  14. ↑ Way, George of Plean; Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. Glasgow: HarperCollins (for the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 256–257. ISBN 0-00-470547-5.
  15. ↑ MacPherson, John, M.D. (10 March 1873). "Part 1, Notes on the names of the Clan Chattan and what they indicate". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Vol. X. Edinburgh: Printed for the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland by Neil and Company. pp. 114–115. doi:10.9750/PSAS.010.112.133. Retrieved 11 May 2025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander (1884). History of the Camerons, with Geneoalogies of the Principal Families of the Name. Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie. pp. 6-7. Retrieved 3 May 2025.
  17. ↑ Major, John (1892) [Originally written in 1521]. "VI". A History of Greater Britain as well England as Scotland. Printed at Edinburgh University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society. p. 334. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  18. ↑ MacMillan, Hugh (1901). The Clan MacMillan - Addresses Given at the Annual Gatherings of the Clan Society (PDF). London: Macmillan Publishers. p. 4. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
  19. ↑ Cathcart, A. Patterns of kinship and Clanship: the Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan from 1291 to 1609, University of Aberdeen 2001 especially chapter 4
  20. ↑ Fraser-Mackintosh, Charles (1898). An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan: Its Kith and Kin. 9 Blythswood Drive, Glasgow: John Mackay "Celtic Monthly" office. p. 1. Retrieved 3 May 2025. Croy MS. history{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  21. ↑ "Tearlach". electricscotland.com. Retrieved 11 January 2026.
  22. 1 2 3 Fraser-Mackintosh, Charles (1898). An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan: Its Kith and Kin. 9 Blythswood Drive, Glasgow: John Mackay "Celtic Monthly" office. pp. 144-145. Retrieved 3 May 2025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
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