Codex Marianus

Codex Marianus
LanguageOld Church Slavonic
GenreGospel Book

The Codex Marianus is an Old Church Slavonic tetraevangelion written in Glagolitic script, dated to the beginning of the 11th century, which is (along with the Codex Zographensis), one of the oldest manuscript witnesses to the Old Church Slavonic language, one of the two tetraevangelions being part of the Old Church Slavonic canon.

History

Most of the Codex (172 folios, 171 according to some sources) was discovered by Victor Grigorovich at Mount Athos during a journey to the Balkans in 1844-45, in a hermitage belonging to the "Monastery of the Holy Mother of God" (the Blessed Theotokos), and thus the manuscript was named the Codex Marianus in Latin. Grigorovich took the found folios to Kazan', and after his death in 1876 the Codex was transferred to Russian State Library in Moscow where it carries the catalog number грнг 6 (M.1689). Croatian diplomat and amateur scholar Antun Mihanović acquired 2 folios (containing Matthew 5.23 - 6.16) some time before Grigorovich made his discovery, and sent it to renowned Slovene Slavist Franz Miklosich, who had them published in 1850. After Miklosich's death, the two-folio fragment was deposited in the Austrian National Library in Vienna under the catalogue number Cod. Slav. 146.

The Codex was first published by the Croatian Slavist Vatroslav Jagić in 1883 in Berlin and Saint Petersburg as Quattuor Evangeliorum versionis palaeoslovenicae Codex Marianus Glagoliticus / Маріинское четвероевангеліе, transcribed in Cyrillic script and with extensive philological commentary in Russian. A reprint was published in Graz in 1960.

Linguistic analysis and origin

The text of the Codex especially abounds with the usage of asigmatic aorist, and very frequent is the assimilation of vowels in compound adjectival declension and present forms (-aago, -uumu instead of -aego, -uemu; -aatъ instead of -aetъ etc.).

Analysing the language of the Codex, Vatroslav Jagić concluded that one of the scribes of the Codex came from the Eastern-rite Štokavian area (see Serbian recension), on the basis of substitutions ǫ → u, y → i, vъ- → u-, ę → e, etc. The conclusion about Serbian origin of the Codex has been disputed by Russian slavist Alexander Budilovich who believed that the Codex was written in northern Albania, in northern Macedonia or Mount Athos, in Bulgarian language environment, with only slight admixtures of Serbian elements. At the same time the Bulgarian researcher Lyubomir Miletich analysing some dialectal characteristics, claimed Western Bulgarian origin (from Macedonia) of the Codex.

Codex Marianus

Later researchers as Josip Hamm have noted that vocalization of yers (ъ > o, ь > e), as well as the occasional disappearance of epenthetic l, suggests Macedonian provenience. According to F. Curta, the book was "certainly of Macedonian origin", written "either in Ohrid or in one of the monastic centers in the region." According to H. G. Lunt, "Certain deviations from the theoretical norms indicate Macedonian influences, others possibly Serbian (if not northern Macedonian)". There are a number of arguments that link the Codex Marianus with Bulgarian territory that bordered that of Serbia. It is difficult to answer whether the Codex was created before the end of the First Bulgarian Empire (1018), or after its Byzantine conquest, i.e. into the theme of Bulgaria. Lunt proposed the 1030s, but David Diringer dates it to the late 10th century.

A University of Vienna team published a multispectral analysis of the parchment and ink of Marianus in 2021, concluding on graphemic grounds that it was closest to the Fragmenta Vindobonensia, which they noted was "usually attributed to either Southern Croatia or Hum, i.e. the neighborhood of Duklja", in provenance. Arguing for a Duklja provenance themselves, they adduced the evidence of a Latin letter on folio 1r discovered by Repp but "forgotten". They dated the manuscript to the period 1012–1039. Spectrally, some Sinaitic Glagolitic manuscripts share with it a green pigment not found in other Glagolitic manuscripts from the Western Balkans

Due to its archaic nature, the Codex forms the base text for the critical edition of the Old Church Slavonic New Testament in the series Novum Testamentum Palaeoslovenice.

Reproductions

List of reproductions of text from Codex Marianus in literary anthologies:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Vaganay, Léon; Christian-Bernard Amphoux; Jenny Heimerdinger (1991). An introduction to New Testament textual criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-521-42493-6. Retrieved 22 November 2011. Codex Marianus, from the beginning of the eleventh century, was also copied in Macedonia and is kept in Moscow (two leaves are in Vienna)
  2. ↑ Будилович, А. Мариинское евангелие с примечаниями и приложениями // ЖМНПр, 1884, март, с. 157. According to Budilovich, the language of the Codex has only "small Serbian impurities".
  3. ↑ Милетич, Любомир. Особеностите на езика на Марийнския паметник, Периодическо списание на Българското книжовно дружество в Средец, година V, 1886 г., кн. 19-20. 219-252
  4. ↑ Florin Curta (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0521815398. Although one of them was found in the Monastery of the Holy Mother of God on Mount Athos (hence its name, Codex Marianus), both were written in Glagolitic either in Ohrid or in one of the monastic centers in the region.
  5. 1 2 Horace Gray Lunt (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar. Walter de Gruyter. p. 7. ISBN 9783110162844. The Codex Marianus (Mar) has 174 folia, containing the Gospel text from Mt 5:23 to John 21:7. Certain deviations from the theoretical norms indicate Macedonian influences, others possibly Serbian (if not northern Macedonian).
  6. ↑ Monastic Traditions: Selected Proceedings of the Fourth International Hilandar Conference, the Ohio State University, 14–15 August 1998, Charles E. Gribble, Predrag Matejić Издание, Slavica, 2003, ISBN 0893573124, p. 15.
  7. ↑ Slavic Scriptures: The Formation of the Church Slavonic Version of the Holy Bible, Henry R. Cooper, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2003, pp. 97-98., ISBN 0838639720
  8. ↑ The Illuminated Book: Its History and Production, David Diringer, Faber, 1967, p. 115.
  9. ↑ Repp 1956
  10. ↑ Miklas et al. 2021
  11. ↑ Kuna, Herta (2003). "[Ocjene i prikazi] Евангелие от Иоанна в славянской традиции". Slovo (in Croatian). 52–53. Zagreb: Staroslavenski institut: 171. Marijinsko je najbliže arhetipu, pa je ono i uzeto kao temelj ovog izdanja Ivanova evanđelja.

References

Further reading