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Eternity, also sempiternity or forever, or perpetuity, is time with no end, i.e. infinite.
In the context of human life, eternity and death are co-existing realities.
Cicero used the word aeternitatis, in the work: De Inventione 1, 27, 39., written at some time between the years 88 - 81 BC which is an early or the earliest extant written form from which the English word is derived; first shown in history in a circa 1374 translation by Chaucer. The first usage in French is 1175: eternitez: B. de Ste-Maure, within 'ducs de Normandie.
In traditional Chinese 永 (yǒng 'eternity') exists in the 論語 (Analects).
The concept of eternity formed in ancient philosophy was specifically from within the Platonic tradition. During the Classical period (8th-7th century BC - 473/529 AD) Plato (c. 428–423 BC - 348/347 BC) described time as a moving image of eternity (in Timaeus 37 D) using the word: αἰών. Plato stated the kosmos was ἁγἡρων (ageless) in Timaeus 33a, in 37e6–38a6 the eternal forms are contrasted with the temporality of the world. Aristotle (384–322 BC) stated οὐρανοῦ was eternal (in Book I of Περὶ οὐρανοῦ) and an eternal world (in Physics).
The ancient Greek word for everlastingness was ἀίδιος (aidios) as exists via Plotinus, who also used the word aoin (eternity), in Ennead III.7.
Thomas Hobbes was re-stating the sense of the definition of Boethius when published 1662, as a response to John Wallis, he wrote that he considered that "eternity is a permanent now".
In post revolution France, revolutionary Louis Auguste Blanqui wrote his 1872 cosmological prison literature hypothesis L'Éternité par les astres, while imprisoned in Fort du Taureau sea fortress.
Camille Flammarion (1893) described eternalness as being the absolute.
In 1983; Steinhardt proposed eternal inflation, the first of two models based on Guth's inflationary model of 1981 (originating with Староби́нский (Starobinsky) 1979) of the so-called big bang theory for the explanation of the orign of the universe; the second model chaotic inflation (1983) - eternal chaotic inflation (1986), was proposed by Линде (Linde)
The possibility of eternal universes with reference to General Relativity was a subject of physics since the 21st century.
The kanji for eternity is used in the Japanese Manyōshū. The comments in The Rape of Lucrece by William Shakespeare
- Who buys a minute's mirth to wail a week?
- Or sells eternity to get a toy?
are in a poem based on the work of Ovid and Livy of the history of Ancient Rome particularly the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin.
Eternity as infinite duration is an important concept in many lives and religions. God or gods are often said to endure eternally, or exist for all time, forever, without beginning or end. Religious views of an afterlife may speak of it in terms of eternity or eternal life.
In Genesis 21:33 of the Old Testament El-Olam is God-Eternal.
Jesus In the Gospels explicitly threatens the wicked with an eternal punishment. In the context of Revelation 14: 9-11 of the Bible, the book Revelation describes how smoke from application of burning sulphur onto those who worship the beast will transit upwardly forever. The position onto which sinners are condemned for all time into hell, if the souls are punished in a conscious state of existence, is known as traditionalism, and annihilationism if the punishment on arrival in the infernal dominion is that their consciousness is then annulled-extincted. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225 – 1274) believed in an eternal God, without either a beginning or end; the concept of eternity is of divine simplicity, thus incapable of being defined or fully understood by humankind. Christian theologians may regard immutability, like the eternal Platonic forms, as essential to eternity.
In the Islamic context, while azal indicates eternity at the beginning of known time and abad at the end; sarmad indicates all (both) aspects, this latter as an adjectival form is in surah 28 parts 71 and 72 of the Qur'an. In Islamic culture the eternity of the universe was a subject in the writings of Abu Ali ibn Sīna (died 1037), Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Abu Walid Muhammad Ibn Rushd.
Ancient Egyptian eternity terms were neheh, for cyclical time, and djet, for linear. Rameses III (c.1187-1156 B.C.E.) funerary temple was: 'United-with -Eternity'.
Mythic Iliadical ἀθάνατος (athanatos) is the immortal.
The ancient greek word for everlasting, and/or eternal, exists in the Orphica Hymni.
The timelessness in divinity of classical period Augustine (354–430 AD), as exists in Book XI of the Confessions, and Boethius (c. 480–524), in Book V of the Consolation of Philosophy were adopted as the reality of the subject for later thinkers in the western tradition of philosophy. Boethius stated eternity was: interminabilis vitae tota simul et perfecta possessio, which is translated as "simultaneously full and perfect possession of interminable life". and nunc permanens, which in English is a: permanent now.
Some of the works of MC Escher were explorations of the idea of eternity.
Eternity is often symbolized by the endless snake, swallowing its own tail, the ouroboros. The circle, band, or ring is also commonly used as a symbol for eternity, as is the mathematical symbol of infinity, . Symbolically, these are reminders that eternity has no beginning or end.
When the father creator saw the creature which he had made moving and living, the created image of the eternal gods, he rejoiced, and in his joy determined to make the copy still more like the original; and as this was eternal, he sought to make the universe eternal, so far as might be. Now the nature of the ideal being was everlasting, but to bestow this attribute in its fulness upon a creature was impossible. Wherefore he resolved to have a moving image of eternity, and when he set in order the heaven, he made this image eternal but moving according to number, while eternity itself rests in unity; and this image we call time.
the Living Being that is for ever existent, he sought to make this universe also like it, so far as might be, in that respect. on the generated thing. But he took thought to make, as it were, a moving likeness of eternity; and, at the same time that he ordered the Heaven, he made, of eternity that abides in unity, an everlasting likeness moving according to number—that to which we have given the name Time.
— translated in 1937
Eternity the state or time after death: as, at death we enter on eternity
All humans, past and future, are forced to grapple with the abstract phenomenon of passing and ending time, as well as ideas about time, such as eternity and finality. Death especially is a confrontation with the passing, ending, irreversibility, and unpredictability of time,
our relationship to eternity, our response to death and endings, and lessons for living are all related to the theme that will be our focus here
Tempus est pars quaedam aeternitatis, Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 39
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)Cicero wrote De Inventione in his youth, although the exact date of composition is uncertain, with most scholars suggesting it was produced sometime between 88 and 81 BC.
Middle English eternite, from Middle French eternité, from Latin aeternitat-, aeternitas, from aeternus
《論語．堯曰》：「四海困窮，天祿永終
Понятие В. в главных чертах было сформировано в античной философии. - наиболее полное развитие получило в платонической традиции (Plat. Tim.; Plot. Enn. III 7. 1-4; Procl. In Tim. 11)
the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 473 CE. - Classical antiquity is the period in the culture of Greece and Rome from around the ninth century BC (the times of Homer) until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century CE
Philosophy continued to be taught in Athens until the schools were closed by Justinian in 529. This gesture has been correctly taken to mark the end of antiquity
Timaeus 37d1–56 6. Quotations from the Timaeus are taken from Cornford's (1952) translation.(sic) → Cornford, F. M., trans. 1952. Plato's Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato. Indianapolis: Hackett. (sic)
Plato's definition of time as the "moving image of eternity" (Timaeus 37d6--7)
In early Greek αἰών means...'whole lifetime'...perhaps through application to the kosmos, the lifetime of which is never-ending, that the word acquired the sense of eternity (cf. Pl. Ti. 37d; Arist. Cael. 279a23–8)
On the same principle the fulfilment of the whole heaven, the fulfilment which includes all time and infinity, is 'duration' a name based upon the fact that it is always 1 duration immortal and divine.1 αἰών is derived from άεἰ ὢν. (Preface textual notes - Prantl taken as basis.)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)We do not comprehend or conceive of infinite space and time, because we are incapable of it. But this incapacity does not invalidate the existence of the absolute
His theory of "eternal chaotic inflation" followed in 1986. "Instead of a universe with a single law of physics, eternal chaotic inflation predicts a self-reproducing, eternally existing multiverse where all possibilities can be realized," Linde says.
in the Old Testament. םלוֹע־ is used to describe God's person. Genesis 21:33 calls him םלוֹע־לא, "the eternal God."
El –Olam: Nama םל וֹע לאberarti "Allah yang Kekal". Olam sebenarnya berarti jagad raya (universe) atau kekekalan (eternity). El Olam identik dengan "TUHAN" (הוהי), yaitu Allah yang disembah oleh para leluhur Israel di Bersyeba (lihat Kej. 21:33; Maz. 90:1-3; Yes.26:4).
Nel Vangelo Gesù minaccia esplicitamente il castigo eterno per i malvagi.
It is most widely used as an adjective, sarmadî, meaning everlasting, and this is how it is used in a very pertinent discussion of time in the Qur'an (28:71-72)
figures - actively engaged in the discourse of the universe's eternity - (1037), Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1111), Abu Walid Muhammad Ibn Rushd (1198)
the ancient Egyptian terms dt and nhh, each of which, from the manner in which they have usually been interpreted in Egyptological scholarship, has been thought to denote infinite time
ancient Egyptians temporal categories: nHH (neheh) and Dt (djet) and their comparison with the tradition of ancient Greek philosophy. It is shown that these terms can be defined as time-eternity. Attention is focused on the definition of the term nHH as associated with the solar god and the cyclic movement, innite duration of recovery and cyclic length, and term Dt as the eternity associated with Osiris, the other world of the dead, imperishableness, constancy and "eternal sameness".
two kinds of eternity. Linear time, or djet, associated with the funerary god Osiris, had a beginning and would have an end, albeit in the infinitely far future. Neheh, cyclical time, was tied to the passage of the sun through the sky during the day and the Netherworld during the night. Ideally, an Egyptian who had lived according to the precepts of maat by supporting and maintaining the proper order of a just cosmos, and who had been accorded a proper burial, would live forever (djet) and ever (neheh).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)Ξάνθου δινἡεντος, ôν ἀθάνατος τέκετο Ζεύς
English (LSJ) [ᾱῐδ], ον, also η, ον, Orph.H.10.21- Carola Schenkl; Eugenius Abel, eds. (1885). Orphica. Lipsiae: G. Freytag Pragae: F. Tempsky.
(Following the work of Boethius and Augustine)" [of Thagaste] "(divine timelessness became the dominant view.)...what came to be the dominant account of eternity in western philosophy and theology
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