Fudoki

Fudoki (風土記) are ancient reports on provincial culture, geography, and oral tradition presented to the reigning monarchs of Japan, also known as local gazetteers. They contain agricultural, geographical, and historical records as well as mythology and folklore. Fudoki manuscripts also document local myths, rituals, and poems that are not mentioned in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki chronicles, which are the most important literature of the ancient national mythology and history. In the course of national unification, the imperial court enacted a series of criminal and administrative codes called ritsuryō and surveyed the provinces established by such codes to exert greater control over them.

Kofudoki

A scroll of the oldest extant Fudoki from Harima Province preserved at Tenri Central Library in Tenri, Nara

In the narrower sense, Fudoki refer to the oldest records written in the Nara period, later called Old-Fudoki (古風土記, Kofudoki). Compilation of Kofudoki began in 713 and was completed over a 20-year period. Following the Taika Reform in 646 and the Code of Taihō enacted in 701, there was need to centralize and solidify the power of the imperial court. This included accounting for lands under its control. According to the Shoku Nihongi, Empress Genmei issued a decree in 713 ordering each provincial government (ja:国衙, kokuga) to collect and report the following information:

Names

Empress Genmei ordered in 713 that place names in the provinces, districts, and townships be written in two kanji characters with positive connotations. This occasionally required name changes. For example, Hayatsuhime (速津媛) became Hayami (速見) and Ishinashi no Oki (石無堡) became Ishii (石井).

Manuscripts

At least 48 of the Gokishichidō provinces contributed to their records but only that of Izumo remains nearly complete. Partial records of Hizen, Bungo, Harima and Hitachi remain and a few passages from various volumes remain scattered throughout various books. Those of Harima and Hizen are designated National Treasures.

The Izumo Fudoki, the only manuscript to survive in complete form, was compiled in 733 by Miyake no Omi Kanatatari under the supervision of Izumo no Omi Hiroshima; its composite character, drawing together several local chronicles, is credited with giving it the widest range of kami among the surviving Fudoki. On the basis of date and style, the extant Fudoki are further grouped into the Wadō Fudoki (Harima and Hitachi), which are stylistically closer to the Nihon Shoki, and the Tenpyō Fudoki (Izumo, Bungo, and Hizen); the two groups can also be distinguished by their use of the administrative terms gō or sato for "village", reflecting whether the text predates or postdates the abolition of the village-hamlet system in 739–740.

Below is a list of extant manuscripts and scattered passages.

Parks

In 1966 the Agency for Cultural Affairs called on the prefectural governments to build open-air museums and parks called Fudoki no Oka (風土記の丘, "Fudoki Hills") near historic sites such as tombs (kofun) and provincial temples. These archaeological museums preserve and exhibit cultural properties to enhance public understanding of provincial history and culture.

NamePrefectureProvinceMunicipalitiesMuseum
Ukitamu Fudoki no OkaYamagataUzenTakahataYamagata Prefectural Ukitama Fudoki no Oka Archaeological Museum
Shimotsuke Fudoki no OkaTochigiShimotsukeShimotsukeTochigi Prefectural Shimotsuke Fudoki no Oka Museum
Nasu Fudoki no OkaTochigiShimotsukeNakagawa and ŌtawaraNakagawa Municipal Nasu Fudoki no Oka Museum
Sakitama Fudoki no Oka [ja]SaitamaMusashiGyōdaSaitama Prefectural Museum of the Sakitama Ancient Burial Mounds
Chiba Prefectural Boso-no-Mura [ja]ChibaShimōsaSakae and NaritaBoso-no-Mura Museum
Tateyama Fudoki no OkaToyamaEtchūTateyamaToyama Prefectural Tateyama Museum [ja]
Kai Fudoki no Oka [ja]YamanashiKaiKōfuYamanashi Prefectural Archaeological Museum
Ōmi Fudoki no OkaShigaŌmiŌmihachiman and AzuchiShiga Prefectural Azuchi Castle Archaeological Museum [ja]
Chikatsu Asuka Fudoki no OkaOsakaKawachiKananOsaka Prefectural Chikatsu Asuka Museum
Kii Fudoki no OkaWakayamaKiiWakayamaWakayama Prefecture Kii-fudoki-no-oka Museum of Archaeology and Folklore
Yakumotatsu Fudoki no OkaShimaneIzumoMatsueShimane Prefectural Yakumotatsu Fudoki no Oka Museum
Kibiji Fudoki no OkaOkayamaBitchūSōjaSōja Kibiji Museum
Miyoshi Fudoki no Oka [ja]HiroshimaBingoMiyoshiHiroshima Prefectural Miyoshi Fudoki no Oka Museum
Higo Kodai no MoriKumamotoHigoYamaga and NagomiKumamoto Prefectural Ancient Burial Mound Museum
Usa Fudoki no Oka [ja]ŌitaBungoUsaŌita Prefectural Museum of History
Saitobaru Fudoki no OkaMiyazakiHyūgaSaitoMiyazaki Prefectural Saitobaru Archaeological Museum

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Sakamoto 2011, pp. 16–17.
  2. ↑ Sakamoto 2011, pp. 4–5.
  3. ↑ Kojima et al. 2007, pp. 310–311.
  4. ↑ 国立国会図書館. "好字令 (good names)". Collaborative Reference Database. National Diet Library. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  5. ↑ Milone, Marco (2021). Lo scintoismo. Napoli: Guida. p. 88. ISBN 9788868667603.
  6. ↑ Sakamoto 2011, p. 19.
  7. ↑ 国土としての始原史～風土記逸文 Deprecated link archived 2013-01-04 at archive.today
  8. ↑ Sakamoto 2011.

References