Hall Lake Formation

Hall Lake Formation
Hall Lake Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian; ~83.5–66.0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	McRae Group
Underlies	Jose Creek Member
Overlies	"Quaternary-Tertiary basalt flows and alluvium"
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone, "shale", sandstone
Location
Coordinates	33°12′N 107°06′W / 33.2°N 107.1°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	40°30′N 81°06′W / 40.5°N 81.1°W
Region	New Mexico
Country	United States
	Hall Lake Formation (the United States) Hall Lake Formation (New Mexico)

The Hall Lake Formation, formerly called the Hall Lake Member, is a geological formation in Sierra County, New Mexico preserving Lancian fauna, most notably dinosaurs. It is regarded as a member of the McRae Group, including the Elephant Butte and Staton-LaPoint locales.

Description

While most estimates place it firmly within the Lancian fauna, specifically using taxa such as Compsemys as index fossils to recover a Campanian-Maastrichtian age, Lozinsky et al. (1984) note the presence of basalt flows and alluvium dating to the Quaternary-Tertiary.

It overlooks the Jose Creek Member and is composed of purple and maroon shales. When they meet, it is marked by a basal conglomerate or a color distinction where conglomerate is absent. Various Cenozoic units overly the formation. Where some choose to classify these layers as a member of the McRae Formation, others classify it as a distinct formation in a group of formations.

Fossil content

Dinosaurs

Saurischians

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.


Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Tyrannosauridae	indet.	Staton-LaPoint	TKM001, dorsal vertebral centrum	Lozinsky et al. (1984) call it indeterminate
Tyrannosaurus	T. mcraeensis	Elephant Butte (upper)	NMMNH P-3698, a partial skull, lower jaw bones, teeth, and chevrons
Alamosaurus	sp.	upper	TKM007, a damaged humerus	Tentative referral
Sauropoda				Possibly from the Jose Creek Member
Theropoda				Possibly from the Jose Creek Member

Ornithischians

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Taxon	Locality	Material	Notes
Triceratops sp.	2 miles south of Elephant Butte	USNM 243, dorsal vertebral centrum	This genus, Torosaurus or a novel taxon
Sierraceratops turneri	Elephant Butte (lower)	Partial skeleton with skull
Ceratopsidae	Elephant Butte (upper)	TKM002, a coranoid TKM020, crest fragment	A new genus similar to Torosaurus is said to exist above the base of the formation
Ceratopsidae	Elephant Butte (lower)	TKM002, a coranoid TKM020, crest fragment	Indeterminate, in abundance
Torosaurus sp.	Elephant Butte (upper)?
Hadrosauridae	cannot be determined		Indeterminate and of unknown origins due to faulting or Quaternary cover
Ankylosauria		TKM011, pyramidal bone fragment	Possibly from the Jose Creek Member, near identical from UNM-FKK-001P of the Kirtland Formation

Reptiles

Taxon	Locality	Notes
Testudinata	Elephant Butte (upper)
Crocodylia	Elephant Butte (upper)
Compsemys		Index fossils suggesting a Lancian age
Bothremydidae		Index fossils suggesting a Lancian age

Plants

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Araucarites	A. sp.
Cinnamomum	C. sp.
Exnelumbites	E. morphotype 2		Leaves	A member of Nelumbonaceae
Ficus	F. sp.
Phyllites	P. sp.
Sabal	S. sp.
Sabalites	S. sp.
Salix	S. sp.
Sequoia	S. sp.
Tracheophyta	Indeterminate	2 miles south of Elephant Butte
Viburnum	V. sp.

References

↑ Amato, Jeffrey M.; Mack, Greg H.; Jonell, Tara N.; Seager, William R.; Upchurch, Garland R. (2017-05-11). "Onset of the Laramide orogeny and associated magmatism in southern New Mexico based on U-Pb geochronology". Geological Society of America Bulletin B31629.1. doi:10.1130/B31629.1. ISSN 0016-7606.
1 2 3 4 5 Vigla Formation at Paleobiodb.org
1 2 3 4 5 6 Lucas, Spencer G.; Dalman, Sebastian; Lichtig, Asher J.; Elrick, Scott; Nelson, W. John; Krainer, Karl (2017). "Stratigraphy and Age of the Dinosaur-Dominated Fossil Assemblage of the Upper Cretaceous Hall Lake Member of the Mcrae Formation, Sierra County, New Mexico". New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: "Uranium in New Mexico: The Resource and the Legacy" 479. doi:10.56577/SM-2017.479.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Lozinsky, Richard P.; Hunt, Adrian P.; Wolberg, Donald L.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1984). "Late Cretaceous (Lancian) dinosaurs from the McRae Formation, Sierra County, New Mexico". New Mexico Geology. 6 (4): 72–77. doi:10.58799/NMG-v6n4.72 (inactive 23 September 2025). ISSN 2837-6420. S2CID 237011797.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link)
1 2 3 Dalman, Sebastian G.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Jasinski, Steven E.; Longrich, Nicholas R. (2022). "Sierraceratops turneri, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Hall Lake Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central New Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 130 105034. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13005034D. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105034. S2CID 244210664.
↑ Dalman, Sebastian G.; Loewen, Mark A.; Pyron, R. Alexander; Jasinski, Steven E.; Malinzak, D. Edward; Lucas, Spencer G.; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Currie, Philip J.; Longrich, Nicholas R. (2024-01-11). "A giant tyrannosaur from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of southern North America and the evolution of tyrannosaurid gigantism". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 22124. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47011-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10784284. PMID 38212342.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "McRae, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA" at mindat.org
↑ Estrada-Ruiz, Emilio; Upchurch, G. R.; Wolfe, J. A.; Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. (2011-06-01). "Comparative Morphology of Fossil and Extant Leaves of Nelumbonaceae, Including a New Genus from the Late Cretaceous of Western North America". Systematic Botany. 36 (2): 337–351. Bibcode:2011SysBo..36..337E. doi:10.1600/036364411X569525. ISSN 0363-6445.

[1] Amato, Jeffrey M.; Mack, Greg H.; Jonell, Tara N.; Seager, William R.; Upchurch, Garland R. (2017-05-11). "Onset of the Laramide orogeny and associated magmatism in southern New Mexico based on U-Pb geochronology". Geological Society of America Bulletin B31629.1. doi:10.1130/B31629.1. ISSN 0016-7606.

[:0-2] 1 2 3 4 5 Vigla Formation at Paleobiodb.org

[:1-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lucas, Spencer G.; Dalman, Sebastian; Lichtig, Asher J.; Elrick, Scott; Nelson, W. John; Krainer, Karl (2017). "Stratigraphy and Age of the Dinosaur-Dominated Fossil Assemblage of the Upper Cretaceous Hall Lake Member of the Mcrae Formation, Sierra County, New Mexico". New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: "Uranium in New Mexico: The Resource and the Legacy" 479. doi:10.56577/SM-2017.479.

[:4-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lozinsky, Richard P.; Hunt, Adrian P.; Wolberg, Donald L.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1984). "Late Cretaceous (Lancian) dinosaurs from the McRae Formation, Sierra County, New Mexico". New Mexico Geology. 6 (4): 72–77. doi:10.58799/NMG-v6n4.72 (inactive 23 September 2025). ISSN 2837-6420. S2CID 237011797.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link)

[:3-5] 1 2 3 Dalman, Sebastian G.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Jasinski, Steven E.; Longrich, Nicholas R. (2022). "Sierraceratops turneri, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Hall Lake Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central New Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 130 105034. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13005034D. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105034. S2CID 244210664.

[6] Dalman, Sebastian G.; Loewen, Mark A.; Pyron, R. Alexander; Jasinski, Steven E.; Malinzak, D. Edward; Lucas, Spencer G.; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Currie, Philip J.; Longrich, Nicholas R. (2024-01-11). "A giant tyrannosaur from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of southern North America and the evolution of tyrannosaurid gigantism". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 22124. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47011-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10784284. PMID 38212342.

[:2-7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "McRae, Sierra County, New Mexico, USA" at mindat.org

[8] Estrada-Ruiz, Emilio; Upchurch, G. R.; Wolfe, J. A.; Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S. (2011-06-01). "Comparative Morphology of Fossil and Extant Leaves of Nelumbonaceae, Including a New Genus from the Late Cretaceous of Western North America". Systematic Botany. 36 (2): 337–351. Bibcode:2011SysBo..36..337E. doi:10.1600/036364411X569525. ISSN 0363-6445.