Hybotidae

Hybotidae
Temporal range: Barremian–Recent
Bicellaria spuria (Ocydromiinae: Bicellariini)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Clade: Pancrustacea
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Suborder: Brachycera
Infraorder: Asilomorpha
Superfamily: Empidoidea
Family: Hybotidae
Macquart, 1823
Subfamilies

Hybotidae, the typical dance flies, are a family of true flies. They belong to the superfamily Empidoidea and were formerly included in the Empididae as a subfamily.

Some, such as Tachydromia, are predators that run around on the bark of trees in complex patterns, hence the common name. Tachydromia species are only about three millimeters long.

Description

Right wing of the species Hybos grossipes, showing discal medial cell (dm) and first and second medial vein (M1+2)

Hybotidae share some similarities with the family Dolichopodidae when looking at the rotation of genitalia and wing characteristics. Male terminalia are rotated dextrally between 45° and 90°, excluding segment 7. Hybotidae wings always have a simple R4+5 vein, where the costa either ends near or at M1/M1+2, or near or at R4+5/R5. Furthermore, it can be distinguished from Dolichopodidae by a point at the origin of vein Rs, which occurs at a distance from the humeral crossvein (h) equal to or longer than the length of h.

Systematics

The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the Empididae. Among the Empidoidea, they represent a lineage more basal than the main radiation of Empididae and Dolichopodidae, though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the Atelestidae.

By and large, the Hybotidae are monophyletic. Among its subfamilies, the Hybotinae and Tachydromiinae certainly represent clades. The status of the Ocydromiinae as a natural group is less clear, in particular whether the Trichininae should be included as tribe Trichinini or even in the Bicellariini or Oedaleini, or whether they are more distinct and warrant recognition as a separate subfamily.

Based on the most recent phylogenetic studies, the relationship between Hybotidae and other members of Empidoidea is as follows. The placement of Hybotidae is emphasized in bold formatting.

Atelestidae


Systematic list

The subfamilies with their tribes and selected genera are:

Hybos culiciformis (Hybotinae)

Hybotinae Meigen, 1820

Ocydromia glabricula (Ocydromiinae: Ocydromiini)

Ocydromiinae

Trichinomyia flavipes

Trichininae Chvála, 1983 (often included in Ocydromiinae)

Oedaleinae Chvála, 1983

Tachydromia arrogans or closely related species (Tachydromiinae: Tachydromiini)

Tachydromiinae Meigen, 1822

Tachypeza nubila with prey (video, 2m 23s)

Stuckenbergomyiinae Sinclair, 2019

Incertae sedis

References

  1. 1 2 Wahlberg, Emma; Johanson, Kjell Arne (2018). "Molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within Empidoidea (Diptera)". Systematic Entomology. 43 (4): 619–636. Bibcode:2018SysEn..43..619W. doi:10.1111/syen.12297. ISSN 1365-3113.
  2. 1 2 Moulton, J. K.; Wiegmann, B. M. (2007). "The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (3): 701–713. Bibcode:2007MolPE..43..701M. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029. PMID 17468014.
  3. 1 2 Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). "The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1180: 1–172. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1. ISBN 978-1-877407-80-2. Retrieved 20 December 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  4. ↑ Jere Kahanpää (July 23, 2008). "Hybotidae". Draft Catalogue of Finnish Flies (Diptera: Brachycera). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  5. ↑ "Hybotidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  6. ↑ Chvála, Milan (1983). The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 12. pp. 1–279.
  7. ↑ Chvála, Milan (1975). The Tachydromiinae (Diptera; Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 3. Klampenborg: Scandinavian Science Press. pp. 1–336. ISBN 978-87-87491-04-4.
  8. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Brooks, Scott E.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2023-09-27). "An illustrated identification key to Nearctic genera of Empidoidea (exclusive of Dolichopodidae sensu stricto) (Diptera)". Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification. doi:10.3752/cjai.2023.48. ISSN 1911-2173.
  9. ↑ Meigen, J.W. (1820). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäische n zweiflugeligen Insekten. Aachen: Zweiter Theil. Forstmann. pp. xxxvi + 363. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  10. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). "Morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1180. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 1–172. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  11. ↑ Papp, L; Földvári, Mihály (2002). "A new genus and three new species of Hybotidae with new records of the Hungarian Empidoidea (Diptera)". Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 47 (4): 349–361.
  12. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2007-11-02). "Leptopezella, a new Southern Hemisphere genus of Ocydromiinae (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae)". Zootaxa. 1629 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1629.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334.
  13. ↑ Miroslav Barták & Štěpán Kubík (2009). "A new species of the genus Trichina (Diptera: Hybotidae) with a key to European species" (PDF). home.czu.cz.
  14. ↑ "Trichinomyia Tuomikoski, 1959". Natural History Museum.
  15. ↑ "Symballophthalmus Becker, 1889". NBN Atlas.
  16. ↑ Shamshev, I.V.; Grootaert, P. (2007). "Revision of the genus Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Oriental Region, with a special attention to the fauna of Singapore" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1488: 1–164. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1488.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  17. ↑ Grootaert, Patrick; Van De Velde, Isabella; Shamshev, Igor V. (2015). "Two new coastal species of Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Bali, Indonesia". European Journal of Taxonomy (112): 1–10. doi:10.5852/ejt.2015.112. ISSN 2118-9773. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  18. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M.; Shamshev, Igor V. (2022-02-05). "A New Genus of Tachydromiinae from South Africa and Turkmenistan (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae)". Insects. 13 (2): 171. doi:10.3390/insects13020171. ISSN 2075-4450. PMC 8875620. PMID 35206744.
  19. ↑ Loew, H. (1864). "Ueber die schlesischen Arten der Gattungen Tachypeza Meig. (Tachypeza, Tachista, Dysaletria) und Microphorus Macq. (Trichina und Microphorus)". Zeitschrift für Entomologie. 14 (1860). Breslau: 1–60.
  20. ↑ Arias, J. E. (1919). "Description preliminar de un nuevo Empido de Espana". Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. 19: 479–481.
  21. ↑ Shamshev, Igor V.; Vasilenko, Dmitry V.; Perkovsky, Evgeny E. (2025-01-23). "A new genus of hybotid dance fly (Diptera: Hybotidae, Tachydromiinae) from the Eocene Sakhalinian amber". Zootaxa. 5575 (2): 283–294. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 40173873.
  22. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J. (2019-06-26). "Revision of the southern African genus Stuckenbergomyia Smith, 1971 (Diptera, Empidoidea) and proposal of a new subfamily". African Invertebrates. 60 (1): 133–145. Bibcode:2019AfrIn..60..133S. doi:10.3897/afrinvertebr.60.35556. ISSN 2305-2562.
  23. ↑ Solórzano-Kraemer, Mónica M.; J Sinclair, Bradley; Arillo, Antonio; Álvarez-Parra, Sergio (2023). "A new genus of dance fly (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae) from Cretaceous Spanish ambers and introduction to the fossiliferous amber outcrop of La Hoya (Castellón Province, Spain)". PeerJ. 11 e14692. doi:10.7717/peerj.14692. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 9841903. PMID 36655053.