Yine language

Yine
Yine
Piro
yinerɨ tokanɨ
Pronunciation	[jine-lɨ tokanɨ]
Native to	Peru
Ethnicity	Yine people, Manchineri
Native speakers	4,000 (2010)
Language family	Arawakan Southern Piro Yine; ; ;
Dialects	Yine; Machinere; Canamaré †;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pib
Glottolog	yine1238
ELP	Piro; Maxineri;

Yine (Yine: yinerɨ tokanɨ 'Yine people's language') is a Maipurean language spoken in Peru by about 4,000 people.

Names

Yine is also called Chontaquiro, Pira, Piro, Pirro, Simiranch, or Simirinche. The name Mashco, a derogatory name for the linguistically unrelated Harakmbut, has sometimes been incorrectly applied to the Yine and other similar groups, such as the Mashco Piro. The name Piro is apparently derived from a Panoan-language name for a species of Megalodoras catfish.

Classification

The Manchineri who live in Brazil (Acre) and reportedly also in Bolivia speak Machinere, which may be a dialect of Yine, though the Yine are reported to require a month of practice before they can communicate with the Machinere. A vocabulary of a language labeled Canamaré is "so close to Piro [Yine] as to count as Piro", but has been a cause of confusion with the unrelated Kanamarí language. Yine belongs to the Piro group which also includes the nearly extinct Iñapari and Apurinã. The Kuniba language is a "co-dialect" of Yine.

Varieties

Varieties of Piro (Yine):^: 244

Chontaquiro (Simirinche, Upatarinavo): Ucayali River
Manchineri (Manatinavo): Purus River
Kushichineri (Kuxiti-neri, Kujigeneri, Cusitinavo): upper Purus River in Peru (in 1886, spoken on the Curumahá River or Curanja River, and probably also on the Cujar River)
Kuniba (Kunibo): Juruá River
Katukina: Juruá River. Documented by Natterer (1833). Not to be confused with the unrelated Katukina language.
Canamare (Canamirim, Canamary): Iaco River, a tributary of the Purus River. Documented by Spix (1819). Not to be confused with the unrelated Kanamarí language.
Mashco-Piro: Madre de Dios River

Demographics

As of 2000, essentially all of the 4,000 ethnic Yine people speak the language.

Geographical distribution

They live in the Ucayali and Cusco Departments, near the Ucayali River, and near the Madre de Dios River in the Madre de Dios Region in Peru.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː	ɨ ɨː
Mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

Vowels are phonetically nasalized after /m, n, h̃/.

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n				h̃
Plosive	p	t		c~c͡ç	k
Affricate		t͡s	t͡ʃ
Fricative		s	ʃ	ç
Flap		ɾ
Approximant	w	l		j

/h̃/ is phonetically nasalized. /w/ becomes a bilabial approximant [β̞] before a close vowel. /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k/. /ɾ/ can be trilled [r] when in word-initial position. The palatal stop varies in articulation between a stop and an affricate.

Writing system

Literacy is comparatively high. A dictionary has been published in the language and the language is taught alongside Spanish in some Yine schools.

Syntax

Piro has an active–stative syntax.

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 Hanson, Rebecca (2010). A Grammar of Yine (Piro) (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/536008.
↑ Gray, Andrew (1997). Indigenous rights and development: self-determination in an Amazonian community. Berghahn Books. p. 140–. ISBN 978-1-57181-837-9. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
1 2 Moseley, Christopher; Asher, R. E.; Tait, Mary (1994), Atlas of the world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5
↑ Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.
↑ Matteson, Esther (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) Language. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 42. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
↑ Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1–s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0. ISSN 1535-0665.
↑ Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1919). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I⁰ Le groupe arawak pré-andin". Anthropos. 14/15 (4/6): 857–890. ISSN 0257-9774.
↑ Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1921). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I⁰ Le groupe arawak pré-andin. (Suite)". Anthropos. 16/17 (1/3): 298–325. ISSN 0257-9774.
↑ Rivet, P.; Tastevin, P. C. (1921). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I° Le groupe arawak pré-andin. (Suite)". Anthropos. 16/17 (4/6): 819–828. ISSN 0257-9774.
↑ Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1923). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I° Le groupe arawak pré-andin (Fin)". Anthropos. 18/19 (1/3): 104–113. ISSN 0257-9774.
↑ Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN 978-65-251-0234-4. S2CID 243563290.^{[permanent dead link]}
1 2 3 Yine at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Urquía Sebastián, Rittma; Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). "Yine". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (3): 365–369. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003356.
↑ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.

References

Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Matteson, Esther. (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) language. University of California Publications in Linguistics, 42. Berkeley y Los Angeles: University of California Press. (Es la tesis para doctorado presentada en 1963 a la University of California, Los Angeles.)
Nies, Joyce, compilador. (1986). Diccionario piro (Tokanchi gikshijikowaka-steno). Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22. Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Parker, Stephen. (1989). "Un análisis métrico del acento en el piro". Estudios etno-lingüísticos, Stephen Parker (ed.), pp. 114–125. Documento de trabajo 21. Yarinacocha, Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educación e Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Solís Fonseca, Gustavo. (2003). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda.
Urquía Sebastián, Rittma (2006). "La situación sociolingüística de la lengua yine en 2006". In Stephen A. Marlett (ed.). Situaciones sociolingüísticas de lenguas amerindias, (PDF). Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma.
Urquía Sebastián, Rittma. (2006). Yine. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma.
Urquía Sebastián, Rittma and Wagner Urquía Sebastián. (2009). Diccionario yine–castellano

[:0-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hanson, Rebecca (2010). A Grammar of Yine (Piro) (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/536008.

[Gray1997-2] Gray, Andrew (1997). Indigenous rights and development: self-determination in an Amazonian community. Berghahn Books. p. 140–. ISBN 978-1-57181-837-9. Retrieved 2 February 2012.

[:1-3] 1 2 Moseley, Christopher; Asher, R. E.; Tait, Mary (1994), Atlas of the world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5

[4] Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.

[5] Matteson, Esther (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) Language. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 42. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

[6] Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1–s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0. ISSN 1535-0665.

[7] Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1919). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I⁰ Le groupe arawak pré-andin". Anthropos. 14/15 (4/6): 857–890. ISSN 0257-9774.

[8] Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1921). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I⁰ Le groupe arawak pré-andin. (Suite)". Anthropos. 16/17 (1/3): 298–325. ISSN 0257-9774.

[9] Rivet, P.; Tastevin, P. C. (1921). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I° Le groupe arawak pré-andin. (Suite)". Anthropos. 16/17 (4/6): 819–828. ISSN 0257-9774.

[10] Rivet, P.; Tastevin, C. (1923). "Les langues du Purús, du Juruá et des régions limitrophes. I° Le groupe arawak pré-andin (Fin)". Anthropos. 18/19 (1/3): 104–113. ISSN 0257-9774.

[Ramirez-2020-3-11] Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN 978-65-251-0234-4. S2CID 243563290.^{[permanent dead link]}

[e18-12] 1 2 3 Yine at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[13] Urquía Sebastián, Rittma; Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). "Yine". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (3): 365–369. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003356.

[14] Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.

Yine
Piro
yinerɨ tokanɨ
Pronunciation	[jine-lɨ tokanɨ]
Native to	Peru
Ethnicity	Yine people, Manchineri
Native speakers	4,000 (2010)
Language family	Arawakan Southern Piro Yine
Dialects	Yine Machinere Canamaré †
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`pib`
Glottolog	`yine1238`
ELP	Piro Maxineri