Indolidan

Indolidan
Clinical data
Other namesLY195115
Identifiers
  • 3,3-Dimethyl-5-(6-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyridazin-3-yl)-1H-indol-2-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H15N3O2
Molar mass257.293 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC1(C2=C(C=CC(=C2)C3=NNC(=O)CC3)NC1=O)C
  • InChI=1S/C14H15N3O2/c1-14(2)9-7-8(3-4-11(9)15-13(14)19)10-5-6-12(18)17-16-10/h3-4,7H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,15,19)(H,17,18)
  • Key:LZCQFJKUAIWHRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Indolidan is a small-molecule cardiotonic agent originally developed by Eli Lilly & Co. for the treatment of heart failure. Structurally classified as a 2-indolinone derivative, it acts primarily as a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3), thereby enhancing cardiac contractility by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in cardiac myocytes. Indolidan has been investigated in clinical settings for its potential to improve cardiac output in patients with heart failure, but development has not advanced beyond early-phase clinical trials due to concerns about safety and overall efficacy.

Indolidan belongs to a class or family of chemicals that contain a pyridazinone ring. For example, it is structurally related to Levosimendan, pimobendan, siguazodan, zardaverine.

Synthesis

A Friedel–Crafts acylation of 3,3-dimethyloxindole [19155-24-9] (4) with succinic anhydride (5) afforded 5-(3,3-dimethyloxindole)-4-oxobutyric acid, PC13620376 (6). Treatment with hydrazine afforded the pyridazinone ring closure, thus completing the synthesis of indolidan (7) proper.

An alternative way to create 3,3-dimethyloxindole (4) starting material is from N'-phenylisobutyrohydrazide [5461-50-7]. Intramolecular ring closure is made to occur upon heating in calcium hydride.

A radiolabelled synthesis with carbon-14 and deuterium has also been described.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Robertson DW, Krushinski JH, Beedle EE, Wyss V, Pollock GD, Wilson H, et al. (October 1986). "Dihydropyridazinone cardiotonics: the discovery and inotropic activity of 1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-2H -indol-2- one". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 29 (10): 1832–1840. doi:10.1021/jm00160a006. PMID 3761304.
  2. ↑ Hayes JS, Pollock GD, Wilson H, Bowling N, Robertson DW (April 1987). "Pharmacology of LY195115, a potent, orally active cardiotonic with a long duration of action". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 9 (4): 425–434. doi:10.1097/00005344-198704000-00007. PMID 2438505.
  3. ↑ Kauffman RF, Crowe VG, Utterback BG, Robertson DW (December 1986). "LY195115: a potent, selective inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum". Molecular Pharmacology. 30 (6): 609–616. doi:10.1016/S0026-895X(25)10404-5. ISSN 0026-895X. PMID 2946929.
  4. ↑ Amsallem E, Kasparian C, Haddour G, Boissel JP, Nony P (January 2005). "Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors for heart failure". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005 (1) CD002230. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002230.pub2. PMC 8407097. PMID 15674893.
  5. ↑ Asif M (10 January 2019). "A Review on Pyridazinone Ring Containing Various Cardioactive Agents". Journal of Chemical Reviews. 1 (1): 66–77. doi:10.33945/sami/jcr.2019.1.6677.
  6. ↑ Imran M, Abida A (12 August 2016). "6-(4-Aminophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone - An important chemical moiety for development of cardioactive agents: A review". Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 15 (7): 1579. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v15i7.30.
  7. ↑ Lednicer D (1995). The organic chemistry of drug synthesis. 5. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-58959-4.
  8. ↑ US 4647564, Robertson DW, "Cardiotonic agents", issued 3 March 1987, assigned to Eli Lilly and Co
  9. ↑ Robertson DW, Jones ND, Krushinski JH, Pollock GD, Swartzendruber JK, Hayes JS (April 1987). "Molecular structure of the dihydropyridazinone cardiotonic 1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-pyridazinyl)- 2H-indol-2-one, a potent inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 30 (4): 623–627. doi:10.1021/jm00387a007. PMID 3031290.
  10. 1 2 Robertson DW, Krushinski JH, Kau D (April 1986). "Synthesis of 14 C- and 2 H-labeled 1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-2 H -indol-2-one (LY195115), an orally effective positive inotrope". Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals. 23 (4): 343–354. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2580230402.