List of wars involving Iran
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This is a list of wars involving the Islamic Republic of Iran, excluding its predecessor states. It is an unfinished historical conspectus.
Major conflicts
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Minor conflicts, proxy wars, military incidents and alleged interventions
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See also
Notes
- ↑ Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet Ruhollah Khomeini.
- ↑ Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared neutrality on 11 February 1979.
- ↑ Iraq claimed victory following a successful 1988 counter-offensive aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which compelled Iran to submit to a ceasefire the same year, and also due to the country becoming the dominant power in the Middle East as a result of the conflict. Iran also claimed victory for expelling Iraqi forces from Iran following 1982 offensives, despite failing in its later-goal to overthrow the Iraqi government and also despite suffering higher military and economic losses than Iraq.
- ↑ After the war concluded, Iraq continued to maintain control over the entire Shatt al-Arab and other Iranian territories it had occupied along the border, covering an area of 9,600 km2. It was not until 16 August 1990 that Iraq agreed to return these occupied territories to Iran and to divide sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab. This restored the border to the terms established by the 1975 Algiers Agreement.
- ↑ Formed by a faction of the Southern Movement, it was established on 11 May 2017, and has called for the secession of a proposed federal "State of South Arabia" from the rest of the nation along the borders of South Yemen, with the name being inspired from the British-created Federation of South Arabia.
- ↑ logistic support and assistance with the naval blockade of Houthi-held territories in October 2016
- ↑ training, intelligence, logistical support, weapons, and blockade up to 2017
- ↑ From May 2024. Popular Forces have been described as a Salafi Jihadist organization with alleged ties to the Islamic State. Several senior leaders in the Popular Forces also allied with the Islamic State in the Sinai.
- ↑ The Syrian Arab Republic under Assad was supported by Iran, Hezbollah and Iraqi militias until his fall on 8 December 2024
- ↑ Until 8 December 2024
- ↑ The Syrian caretaker government was established two days after Assad was overthrown on 10 December
- ↑ Political legitimacy of all Houthi-led government bodies has been rejected by the United Nations, rival Yemeni factions, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the United States.
- ↑ Multiple sources indicate that the Iranian government has deployed military personnel to Houthi-controlled Yemen who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping.
- ↑ On 5 April 2026, Israel launched an airstrike on what it called "a terror target" in the predominantly Christian town of Ain Saadeh east of Beirut. A Lebanese Forces party official and his wife were killed by the strike, though Israel later stated they were not the intended targets. There has been speculation that Israeli strikes on Christian communities in Lebanon are aimed at inflaming sectarian tensions.
- ↑ On 29 July 2026, Saudi Arabia publicly participated in joint strikes with the United States against Iran-backed Iraqi militias. Earlier, according to Reuters, citing Western and Iranian officials, the Saudi Air Force launched numerous unpublicized "tit-for-tat" strikes on Iranian soil in late March 2026, in retaliation for Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia. The New York Times, citing US officials, corroborated reports of Saudi strikes on Iran. Reuters also reported that the Saudi Air Force struck Iran-backed Iraqi militias near the Iraqi–Saudi border around the time of the 7 April ceasefire.
- ↑ According to The Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg, citing "people familiar with the matter", and The New York Times, citing current and former US officials, the UAE discreetly carried out retaliatory attacks against Iran, including a strike on an oil refinery at Lavan Island on 8 April.
- ↑ According to The Wall Street Journal, Kuwait launched attacks on Iran-backed Iraqi militias from its own territory. Iraqi officials reported at least two rocket attacks from Kuwaiti territory in April; according to Reuters, it was unclear whether they were launched by the Kuwaiti Armed Forces or the US military. On 1 May, Kuwait said its soldiers exchanged fire with six members of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, and arrested four, during an Iranian raid on Bubiyan Island. In July, The Wall Street Journal reported that Kuwait launched airstrikes inside Iran. Kuwait denied the reports and said it had not taken part in any military operations against Iran and had not allowed the use of its territory to launch offensive operations against any neighbouring country.
- ↑ According to The Wall Street Journal, Bahrain launched airstrikes inside Iran in July 2026.
- ↑ On 13 July 2026, the Yemeni government, alongside Saudi Arabia, conducted airstrikes targeting the Houthi-controlled Sanaa International Airport. The Yemeni Ministry of Defence later confirmed their direct involvement, stating the operation specifically targeted the runway to prevent an Iranian aircraft from landing.
- ↑ On 29 July, two floating LNG storage tankers, the Energos Winter and the GasLog Salem, were struck by drones at the Egyptian port of Damietta. Two Iranian officials, speaking to the New York Times, said the drone strike was "designed to show that global shipping and energy supplies could be more deeply disrupted if Iran chose to escalate."
- ↑ Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments; according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi". The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops.
- ↑ Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry.
- ↑ Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.
- ↑ Signed the Doha Darfur Peace Agreement in 2011.
- ↑ MINUSMA, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, replaced and absorbed the troops from the AFISMA. It included troops from Chad, Bangladesh, Senegal, Togo, Egypt, Burkina Faso, Niger, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Germany, China, Benin, among others
- 1 2 The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic were Russian puppet states that declared their independence from Ukraine in May 2014. In 2022, they received international recognition from each other, Russia, Syria and North Korea, and some other partially recognised states. On 30 September 2022, Russia declared that it had formally annexed both entities. They continue to exist as republics of Russia.[citation needed]
- ↑ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion and to launch missiles into Ukraine.
- ↑ Caretaker government until 29 March; Transitional government from 29 March
References
- ↑ Momayezi, Nasser (November 1997). "Islamic Revivalism and the Quest for Political Power". Journal of Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- 1 2 3 Jeffrey S. Dixon; Meredith Reid Sarkees (2015). "INTRA-STATE WAR #816: Anti-Khomeini Coalition War of 1979 to 1983". A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014. SAGE Publications. pp. 384–386. ISBN 978-1-5063-1798-4.
- ↑ Kamal, Muhammad (1986). "Iranian Left In Political Dilemma". Pakistan Horizon. 39 (3). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 39–51. JSTOR 41393782. Archived from the original on 2019-03-02. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
- 1 2 "Kurdistan - Iran". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
- ↑ Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase. p. 390. ISBN 9781438126760. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
- ↑ Razoux, Pierre (2015). The Iran-Iraq War. Harvard University Press. Appendix E: Armed Opposition. ISBN 9780674915718.
- ↑ Nimrod Raphaeli (11 February 2009). "The Iranian Roots of Hizbullah". MEMRI. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009.
- ↑ "Memoires of Afghan volunteers in Iran–Iraq war published (tehrantimes.com)". 7 October 2018. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ↑ "'Mohsen, the Japanese' chronicles life of Afghan volunteer fighter in Iran–Iraq war (tehrantimes.com)". 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ↑ "Iran's Shia Diplomacy: Religious and Foreign Policy in the Islamic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ↑ Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack (2011). Shi'ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231144278. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ↑ Williamson Murray, Kevin M. Woods (2014): The Iran–Iraq War. A Military and Strategic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-06229-0 p. 223
- 1 2 3 "Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Project Muse)". Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ↑ Johnson, Rob (2010). The Iran–Iraq War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137267788.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107062290.
- ↑ Entessar, Nader (2010). Kurdish Politics in the Middle East. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 48. ISBN 9780739140390. OCLC 430736528.
Throughout much of the 1980s, the KDPI received aid from the Ba'thi regime of Saddam Hussein, but Ghassemlou broke with Baghdad in 1988 after Iraq used chemical weapons against Kurds in Halabja and then forced Kurdish villagers to...
- ↑ van Bruinessen, Martin (15 August 1986). The Naqshbandi Order as a Vehicle of Political Protest among the Kurds (With Some Comparative Notes on Indonesia). New Approaches in Islamic Studies. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023 – via Academia.edu.
- 1 2 "SUDANESE BRIGADES COULD PROVIDE KEY AID FOR IRAQ; Military Analysis (Published 1982)". 1982-10-04. Retrieved 2025-10-30.
- ↑ "Jordan's call for volunteers to fight Iran misfires (The Christian Science Monitor)". The Christian Science Monitor. 11 February 1982. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ↑ Schenker, David Kenneth (2003). Dancing with Saddam: The Strategic Tango of Jordanian–Iraqi Relations (PDF). The Washington Institute for Near East Policy / Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0649-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017.
- ↑ "Jordanian Unit Going To Aid Iraq 6 Hussein Will Join Volunteer Force Fighting Iranians (The Washington Post)". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ↑ "Iraq-Iran war becoming Arab-Persian war?". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2025-10-30.
- ↑ Dictionary of modern Arab history, Kegan Paul International 1998. ISBN 978-0710305053 p. 196.
- ↑ "Iran–Iraq War Timeline. Part 1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
- ↑ Berridge, W.J. "Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985", p. 136. Bloomsbury Academic, 2015 [ISBN missing]
- ↑ Mylroie, Laurie (1989). "Iraq's Changing Role in the Persian Gulf". Current History. 88 (535): 89–99. doi:10.1525/curh.1989.88.535.89. ISSN 0011-3530. JSTOR 45316185. S2CID 249695060. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ↑ "The 'beauty' and the horror of the Iran–Iraq war". BBC News. 26 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ↑ Mays, Terry M. Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1996, pp. 9–10
- ↑ "In the Spotlight: PKK (A.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party". Cdi.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ↑ "Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK". Xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ↑ "a secret relationship". Niqash.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ↑ Collelo, Thomas; Smith, Harvey Henry; Library of Congress, eds. (1989). Lebanon: a country study. Area handbook series (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.
- 1 2 3
- 1 2 3 4 Rashid, Ahmed (2002). "Mazar-e-Sharif 1997: Massacre in the north". Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 72. ISBN 9781860648304. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- ↑ "New alignments, old battlefield: revisiting India's role in Afghanistan" (PDF). carnegieendowment.org.
- ↑ Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity: The Role of Pakistan, Russia and Iran in Fueling the Civil War. Volume 13, Number 3. Human Rights Watch. July 2001. pp. 36–49. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
- ↑ Tomsen, Peter (2011). Wars of Afghanistan. PublicAffairs. p. 322. ISBN 978-1586487638.
- ↑ Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan Wars. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 219–220. ISBN 978-0230213135.
- ↑ Goodson, Larry P. (2002). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics and the Rise of the Taliban. University of Washington Press. pp. 111. ISBN 978-0295981116.
Pakistani support for the Taliban included direct and indirect military involvement, logistical support
- ↑ "Liberation of Ahwaz Movement Leader: The Deceive Storm restored faith to our hearts". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
- ↑ Weiss, Caleb (30 December 2017). "Iran-based jihadist group claims attack on oil pipeline". Foundation for the Defense of Democracies. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Ansar al Furqan states that "a major oil pipeline was blown up in Omidiyeh region of occupied Ahvaz, Iran." The group added that it had established a new unit, the Ahwaz Martyrs Brigade. The area of Ahvaz has historically had a large Arab population.
- ↑ "Balochistan Insurgency". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ↑ "FC placed under Balochistan govt's control". Dawn News. 2 November 2011.
"Since January 2008, military has conducted no operation in Balochistan," said Gen Abbas, dispelling a perception that the army was still in the field there.
- ↑ "No military operation in Balochistan". Nation. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ↑ "No army operation in Balochistan: Kayani". Dawn News. 7 September 2013.
'Not a single soldier of Pakistan Army is involved in any operation in Balochistan,' Gen Kayani said.
- ↑ "FC accelerates intelligence-based operations in Balochistan". Dawn News. 27 August 2017.
- ↑ "Mapping Militant Organisation: Baloch Liberation Front". web.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ↑ "Iran Sunni Baloch Insurgents: "Union with Hizbul-Furqan Strengthens Our Front Against Safavids"". 21 December 2013.
- ↑ Ayaz, Ahmed. "Islamic State Comes to Balochistan". THE DIPLOMAT. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
- 1 2 Gul, Ayaz (15 May 2019). "Islamic State Announces 'Pakistan Province'". Voice of America. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
- ↑ "دولت اسلامیہ: نام نہاد 'پاکستان صوبے' کے نام سے پہلی ویڈیو جاری". BBC News اردو (in Urdu). 23 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- 1 2 B Raman (25 January 2003). "Iraq's shadow on Balochistan". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2003.
- ↑ "Over 300 anti-state militants surrender arms in Balochistan". Dawn News. 9 December 2017.
The largest province of the country by area, Balochistan is home to a low-level insurgency by ethnic Baloch separatists.
- ↑ Desk, Quetta Voice Web (20 December 2023). "BNA Commander Sarfaraz Bangulzai Along With 72 Militants Surrender". Quetta Voice Breaking News, English News, Technology, Health. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ↑ Zia Ur Rehman (May 2014), "The Baluch insurgency: linking Iran to Pakistan" (PDF), The Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2016
- 1 2 The rebellion started already in 1962, but Iran did not intervene before 1973.[full citation needed]
- ↑ Herbert Docena (17 August 2006). "Amid the bombs, unity is forged". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 31 August 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
The LCP ... has itself been very close to Hezbollah and fought alongside it in the frontlines in the south. According to Hadadeh, at least 12 LCP members and supporters died in the fighting.
- ↑ "PFLP claims losses in IDF strike on Lebanon base". The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 6 August 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012.
- ↑ "Report: Iranian soldiers join Hizbullah in fighting". Ynetnews.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2025-11-08.
- ↑ Eleonora Ardemagni (19 March 2018). "Yemen's Military: From the Tribal Army to the Warlords". IPSI. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- 1 2 Raine, Niamh Kennedy, Negar Mahmoodi, Ivana Kottasová, Andrew (2022-10-16). "Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 2025-11-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Falk, Thomas O. "The limits of Iran's influence on Yemen's Houthi rebels". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-11-04.
- ↑ "Exclusive: Iran steps up weapons supply to Yemen's Houthis via Oman - officials". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved 2025-11-04.
- ↑ "Yemen Accuses Hezbollah of Helping Houthis in Saudi Border War". Bloomberg News.
- ↑ "Iran boosting Yemeni Houthis with Syrian fighters: Local sources". Aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2025-11-04.
- ↑ "How did Qatar back the Houthis in Yemen?". EgyptToday. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2025-11-04.
- ↑ "Secret UN report reveals North Korea attempts to supply Houthis with weapons". Al Arabiya English. 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2025-11-04.
- 1 2 "Di Maio assures Al-Sarraj of Italy's support for GNA and political track". Alwasat. 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ↑ Martinez, Luis (27 March 2015). "US Rescues 2 Saudi Pilots from Gulf of Aden". ABC News. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
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- ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (14 October 2016). "Why the hell is the US helping Saudi Arabia bomb Yemen? A brief guide". Vox.
- ↑ Snyder, Stephen (14 October 2016). "US involvement in the Yemen war just got deeper". The World. PRI.
- ↑ Kube, Courtney (27 October 2016). "U.S. Officials: Iran Supplying Weapons to Yemen's Houthi Rebels". NBC News.
- ↑ "U.S. military strikes Yemen after missile attacks on U.S. Navy ship". Reuters. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ↑ "US special forces secretly deployed to assist Saudi Arabia in Yemen conflict". The Independent. 3 May 2018.
- ↑ "British support of Saudi Arabian military should shame us all, says SNP MP". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ↑ "Yemen — and what it means for Pakistan". Daily Times. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ↑ Loveluck, Louisa (11 September 2015). "Britain 'fuelling war in Yemen' through arms sales, says charity". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 15 November 2025. Retrieved 8 March 2026.
- ↑ Borger, Julian (5 June 2015). "Saudi-led naval blockade leaves 20 m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
- ↑
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"UAE to Saudi: Abandon Yemen's Hadi or we will withdraw our troops – Middle East Monitor". Middle East Monitor. 2017-03-07. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
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Osama bin Javaid (28 January 2018). "Yemen: Separatists take over government headquarters in Aden". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
"Yemen'in güneyinde çatışmalar: 'Darbe yapılıyor'". Evrensel. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
"Jetzt bekriegen sich auch einstige Verbündete". Tagesschau. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018. - 1 2
- ↑ "Yemen conflict: Saudi-led strike 'hits wrong troops'". BBC News. 17 October 2015. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Hundreds of Sudanese troops reportedly arrived in the southern port city of Aden on Saturday, the first batch of an expected 10,000 reinforcements for the Saudi-led coalition.
- ↑ "Sudan recalls majority of troops from Yemen war". Reuters. 24 August 2019.
- ↑ Coloma, Tristan (March 2025). "Smuggled gold fuels Sudan war". Le Monde Diplomatique.
As far back as January 2019, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) paid $100m to the Burhan-Hemedti duo – they were then allies – in exchange for the deployment to Yemen of former Janjaweed militias, renamed RSF to obscure their involvement in the Darfur massacres. In Yemen, they fought alongside the Gulf monarchies' coalition against the Iran-backed Houthis.
- ↑ "Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi-led alliance". Reuters. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- ↑ "Morocco sends ground troops to fight in Yemen". Gulf News.
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- ↑ Biden, Joseph R. (12 January 2024). "Statement from President Joe Biden on Coalition Strikes in Houthi-Controlled Areas in Yemen". The White House. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President of the United States. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
U.S. military forces—together with the United Kingdom and with support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, and the Netherlands
- ↑ "North Korea Likely Supplied Scud Missiles Fired at Saudi Arabia by Yemen's Houthi Rebels". Vice News. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
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- ↑ "S. Korean Special Forces in UAE a 'trip wire' in Yemini civil war: lawmaker". The Korea Herald.
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- ↑ "Jetzt bekriegen sich auch einstige Verbündete". Tagesschau. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Lilleholm, Lucas (23 November 2023). "US warship shoots down attack drones over the Red Sea". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
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Members of Iran's so-called "Axis of Resistance" appear to have conducted attacks targeting Israel simultaneously with Iran's first wave of attacks. Lebanese Hezbollah claimed it fired "dozens" of Katyusha rockets targeting an Israeli missile and artillery base in the Golan Heights at 1800 ET.
- ↑ "IDF strikes Hezbollah military complex in Lebanon". The Jerusalem Post. 13 April 2024. ISSN 0792-822X. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ↑ "Live Updates: Israel Reports Light Damage After Iran Launches Large Strike". The New York Times. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- ↑ "Leader of militia in Gaza fighting Hamas admits cooperating with IDF". The Times of Israel. 6 July 2025. Archived from the original on 6 July 2025.
- ↑ Fabian, Emanuel; Yohanan, Nurit; Freiberg, Nava (5 June 2025). "Israel providing guns to Gaza gang to bolster opposition to Hamas". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 5 June 2025. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
- ↑ Rasgon, Adam (2025-06-06). "Who Is Yasser Abu Shabab, the Leader of the Israeli-Backed Militia in Gaza?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
- ↑ Uddin, Rayhan (12 June 2025). "'Popular Forces': Who are the Gaza gangsters being armed by Israel?". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
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- 1 2 Winer, Stuart (15 April 2024). "Report: Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, provided intelligence on Iran attack". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
- 1 2 Bradley, Matt (16 April 2024). "An uneasy alliance of Arab states helped defend Israel from Iran. Their resolve may soon be tested". NBC News. Beirut. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ↑ Gordon, Gordon Lubold and Michael R. (2024-02-02). "U.S. Targets Iran's Forces and Allies in Syria and Iraq". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2026-03-02.
- ↑ "Cease-Fire Deal With Israel Comes as Hamas Is Severely Weakened". The New York Times. 2025-01-05. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
- ↑ "Lebanese army dismantled 'over 90%' of Hezbollah sites near Israel, security official says". 2025-04-30. Retrieved 2025-04-30.
- ↑ "Russia's UN envoy accuses Ukraine of aiding militants in Syria". Arab News. 4 December 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2025.
- ↑ "Ukraine denies involvement in Syrian rebel counteroffensive". New Voice. Retrieved 13 August 2025.
- ↑ Landay, Jonathan (8 December 2023). "Biden aide says Iran helps plan, execute attacks by Yemen's Houthis". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
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At the same time, Saraya al Ashtar reaffirmed its loyalty to the Islamic Republic of Iran. "We believe that the commander and ruler of the Islamic religion is the line of the two imams, Khomeini and Khamenei, which is in the original Muhammad approach in confronting the oppressors and fighting back against the tyrants," the group's statement reads.
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In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).
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- ↑ ""لواء درع الساحل".. ميليشيا بقيادة مقداد فتيحة ضد الدولة |فيديو" "لواء درع الساحل".. ميليشيا بقيادة مقداد فتيحة ضد الدولة |فيديو ["Coastal Shield Brigade"... a militia led by Miqdad Fatiha against the state | Video]. Syria TV. 6 February 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
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- ↑ Guliyev, Aghakazim (7 February 2025). "Heavy clashes erupt along Syria-Lebanon border as Hezbollah, military forces battle for control". caliber. Archived from the original on 12 February 2025.
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