Isoschizomer

Isoschizomers are pairs of restriction enzymes specific to the same recognition sequence. The term is derived from Greek iso 'same' and skihzo 'to split'.

The first enzyme discovered which recognizes a given sequence is known as the prototype; all subsequently identified enzymes that recognize that sequence are isoschizomers. For example, the prototype SphI (CGTAC/G) has the isoschizomers BbuI (CGTAC/G) and PaeI.

In some cases, only one out of a pair of isoschizomers can recognize both the methylated and unmethylated forms of restriction sites, whereas the other enzyme recognizes only the unmethylated form. This property of isoschizomers allows for the identification of methylation states. For example, the isoschizomers HpaII and MspI both recognize the sequence 5'-CCGG-3' when it is unmethylated. However, when the second C of the sequence is methylated, only MspI can recognize it.

An enzyme that recognizes the same sequence but cuts it in a different position is a neoschizomer. Neoschizomers are a subset of isoschizomers. For example, SmaI (CCC/GGG) and XmaI (C/CCGGG) are neoschizomers of each other. Similarly KpnI (GGTAC/C) and Acc65I (G/GTACC) are neoschizomers of each other. An enzyme that recognizes a slightly different sequence, but produces the same ends is an isocaudomer.

References

  1. 1 2 Gowers, Darren M.; Halford, Stephen E. (2004). "DNA Restriction and Modification: Type II Enzymes". In Lennarz, William J.; Lane, M. Daniel (eds.). Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. p. 772. ISBN 978-0-08-054775-6.
  2. ↑ Pingoud, Alfred; Wilson, Geoffrey G.; Wende, Wolfgang (July 2014). "Type II restriction endonucleases--a historical perspective and more". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (12): 7489–7527. doi:10.1093/nar/gku447. ISSN 1362-4962. PMC 5027491. PMID 24878924.
  3. ↑ Berger, Shelby L. (October 1994). "Expanding the Potential of Restriction Endonucleases: Use of Hapaxoterministic Enzymes". Analytical Biochemistry. 222 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1006/abio.1994.1445.
  4. 1 2 Roberts, Richard J.; Belfort, Marlene; Bestor, Timothy; Bhagwat, Ashok S.; Bickle, Thomas A.; Bitinaite, Jurate; Blumenthal, Robert M.; Degtyarev, Sergey Kh; Dryden, David T. F.; Dybvig, Kevin; Firman, Keith; Gromova, Elizaveta S.; Gumport, Richard I.; Halford, Stephen E.; Hattman, Stanley; Heitman, Joseph; Hornby, David P.; Janulaitis, Arvydas; Jeltsch, Albert; Josephsen, Jytte; Kiss, Antal; Klaenhammer, Todd R.; Kobayashi, Ichizo; Kong, Huimin; Krüger, Detlev H.; Lacks, Sanford; Marinus, Martin G.; Miyahara, Michiko; Morgan, Richard D.; Murray, Noreen E.; Nagaraja, Valakunja; Piekarowicz, Andrzej; Pingoud, Alfred; Raleigh, Elisabeth; Rao, Desirazu N.; Reich, Norbert; Repin, Vladimir E.; Selker, Eric U.; Shaw, Pang-Chui; Stein, Daniel C.; Stoddard, Barry L.; Szybalski, Waclaw; Trautner, Thomas A.; Van Etten, James L.; Vitor, Jorge M. B.; Wilson, Geoffrey G.; Xu, Shuang-yong (1 April 2003). "A nomenclature for restriction enzymes, DNA methyltransferases, homing endonucleases and their genes". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (7): 1805–1812. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg274. ISSN 1362-4962. PMC 152790. PMID 12654995.
  5. ↑ Roberts, Richard J.; Macelis, Dana (11 May 1992). "Restriction enzymes and their isoschizomers". Nucleic Acids Research. 20 (suppl): 2167–2180. doi:10.1093/nar/20.suppl.2167. PMC 333991.
  6. ↑ Nelson, M.; McClelland, M. (1 January 1987). "The effect of site-specific methylation on restriction-modification enzymes". Nucleic Acids Research. 15. doi:10.1093/nar/15.suppl.r219. PMC 339887. PMID 3033612.
  7. ↑ Harrison, Alan; Parle-McDermott, Anne (2011). "DNA Methylation: A Timeline of Methods and Applications". Frontiers in Genetics. 2. doi:10.3389/fgene.2011.00074. PMC 3268627.
  8. ↑ Glick, Bernard R.; Patten, Cheryl L. (2022). Molecular biotechnology: principles and applications of recombinant DNA (Sixth ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-ASM Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781683673668.

See also