Lady Yin (Chinese:殷夫人; pinyin:Yīn Fūrén) is a character in the 16th-century Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi. She is the wife of Li Jing and the mother of Jinzha, Muzha, and Nezha. In the novel, she is portrayed as a caring and protective mother, particularly in relation to Nezha.
A Qing dynasty folk storytelling manuscript, Xinchu Erlang Pishan Jiumu Quanduan (新出二郎劈山救母全段; "Erlang Shen Splitting the Mountain to Rescue His Mother"), identifies Lady Yin as the second daughter of the Jade Emperor. However, this identification is not part of the Fengshen Yanyi narrative, where she is presented as a human woman living during the late Shang dynasty (Yin dynasty).
In The Collection of Gods in Three Religions, she is referred to as "Suzhi Furen" (素知夫人). Journey to the West mentions the wife of the Heavenly King and records that Li Jing had a daughter named Li Zhenying (李貞英). In both The Collection of Gods in Three Religions and Journey to the West, she appears as a celestial being associated with the Heavenly King rather than as a purely human character.
Later traditions expanded her identity. During the Qing dynasty, some local beliefs identified Lady Yin as the earthly incarnation of the second daughter of the Jade Emperor.
Some studies have connected this tradition with Qiang mythology. In Qiang legends, the Heavenly Father Mu Bi Ta is said to have three daughters: the eldest married the Dragon King, the second married a celestial deity, and the youngest, Mu Jie Zhu, became the ancestor of the Qiang people through her descendants with a mortal. Scholars have suggested that traditions concerning the Jade Emperor's divine genealogy and the story of Li Jing's wife became associated over time, contributing to the identification of Lady Yin with the Jade Emperor's second daughter.
In Fengshen Yanyi
In the 16th-century Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi, Lady Yin is portrayed as the wife of Li Jing and the mother of Nezha. The events take place near the end of the Shang dynasty, also known as the Yin dynasty. During the Nezha birth story, Lady Yin remains pregnant for three years and six months. One night, she dreams that the deity Taiyi Zhenren places something in her arms. She later gives birth to a ball of flesh in the incense chamber. When Li Jing cuts open the ball with a sword, a child emerges from it.
In the novel, Lady Yin is depicted as a compassionate mother who repeatedly protects Nezha despite the conflicts caused by his actions. After Nezha kills Ao Bing, the third son of Ao Guang, and later sacrifices his body to save his family, Lady Yin builds a temple on Green Screen Hill as a place for Nezha's spirit to reside after he repeatedly appears to her in dreams. According to local tradition, this temple, now known as Nezha Palace (哪吒行宫), is located on Cuiping Mountain in Yibin, Sichuan Province.
Related legend
A local legend from Xixia County, Henan, recorded in studies of Nezha worship in Macau, describes Lady Yin's role in the establishment of a temple dedicated to Nezha. According to this tradition, after Nezha returned his flesh to his parents, the immortal Taiyi Zhenren restored him with a body made of lotus. Lady Yin later proposed the construction of the Great Compassion Temple (大悲寺; Dabei Si) to commemorate Nezha. The temple was later known locally as the Great Wealth Temple (大贵寺; Dagui Si). In this tradition, Lady Yin is remembered as an important figure in the local worship of Nezha.
Interpretations
A study by the National Research Center of Cultural Industries at Central China Normal University examines the relationship between Lady Yin and Li Jing through the themes of maternal affection and patriarchal family structures (宗法制度). The study argues that Lady Yin's decision to establish a temple for Nezha after his death represents a challenge to traditional family hierarchy. It connects this action with Confucian ideas concerning parental authority and the relationship between parents and children.
The same study describes Li Jing and Lady Yin as representing the "stern father, compassionate mother" (严父慈母) model in Chinese mythology. It argues that Lady Yin's role reflects traditional gender expectations, in which women were associated with the domestic sphere (男主外，女主内). During Nezha's conflict with the Dragon King, the study notes that Lady Yin has limited ability to influence the decisions of male authority figures.
Other scholars have examined changes in Lady Yin's portrayal in modern adaptations. Zhang Yan and Wang Min's 2021 study discusses the depiction of Lady Yin in the 2019 animated film Ne Zha. They argue that the film transforms her from the more passive maternal figure found in earlier versions into an active character who protects her family and participates in battles. The study compares this portrayal with figures such as the mother goddess Nüwa and discusses how modern adaptations provide Lady Yin with greater agency.
Worship
Lady Yin statue (behind) at the Shenxian Taizi Temple, Puli, Taiwan.
In some Chinese folk religious traditions, Lady Yin is worshiped as a deity associated with the Nezha belief system. Temples dedicated to Nezha and his family sometimes enshrine her together with Li Jing, the Pagoda-Bearing Heavenly King. The Jinlong Temple in Taitung City worships Jinzha as its main deity and also enshrines his parents, Lady Yin and the Pagoda-Bearing Heavenly King. Lady Yin is also worshiped as Yin Furen of Cuiping Mountain (翠屏山殷夫人) at the Yangshan Buddhist Hall (阳山佛堂) in Tainan, and at the Shenxian Taizi Temple in Puli, Taiwan.
R. F. Kuang's novel series The Poppy War trilogy has Lady Yin as a secondary character who is the mother of four children: Jinzha, Muzha, Nezha and Mingzha, the former three being the name of the children in the original myth.
↑Chen Weiheng. 澳门哪吒信仰[Nezha Belief in Macau] (in Chinese). Macau Virtual Library.
12""讲好中国故事"语境下哪吒神话动漫化传承发展"[The Inheritance and Development of Nezha Myth Animation in the Context of "Telling Chinese Stories Well"] (in Chinese). National Research Center of Cultural Industries, Central China Normal University. 2020-03-20.
↑"民间文化视野下国创动漫中母亲形象的建构"[The Construction of Mother Figures in Domestic Animation from the Perspective of Folk Culture] (in Chinese). Sichuan University of Arts and Science. 2021-05-10.
↑Amidi, Amid (August 16, 2019). "American Audiences Don't Have To Wait Long To See The Chinese Blockbuster Ne Zha In Theaters". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved 27 August 2019. Some of the records it has already set: the highest-grossing Chinese animated feature of all-time, the highest-grossing non-U.S. animated feature of all-time, the third-highest grossing Chinese film of all-time, the highest-grossing animated IMAX feature in China, and the second highest-grossing local language IMAX feature in China.
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