Libertia

Libertia
Libertia grandiflora
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Iridoideae
Tribe: Sisyrinchieae
Genus: Libertia
Spreng. 1824, conserved name not Dumort. 1822 (syn of Hosta) nor Lej. 1825 (syn of Bromus)
Type species
Libertia ixioides
Synonyms
  • Tekel Adans.
  • Tekelia Scop.
  • Renealmia R.Br. 1810 not L. 1753 nor L.f. 1782
  • Nematostigma A.Dietr.
  • Orthrosanthus Sweet
  • Taumastos Raf.
  • Choeradodia Herb.
  • Ezeria Raf.
Libertia peregrinans

Libertia is a genus of monocotyledonous plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1824. It is native to South America, Australia, New Guinea, and New Zealand. Eight species are endemic to New Zealand.

Libertia is made up of herbaceous or evergreen perennials growing from short rhizomes, with simple, linear or narrowly lanceolate basal leaves which are often green but may be red, orange, or yellow under direct sunlight. The showy white or blue trimerous flowers are open in spring and are followed by capsules opening by three valves which contain the numerous seeds.

The genus was named after the Belgian botanist Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865) (also referred to as Anne-Marie Libert).

The species Libertia chilensis has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Species
Selected formerly included

Numerous names have been coined using the name Libertia, referring to species that are now regarded as better suited to other genera (Bromus, Cardiocrinum, Hosta, Orthrosanthus).

Cytology

Libertia has a high rate of polyploidy, with 9/11 of assessed species confirmed as polyploid and only 3 confirmed as diploid. This is not unprecedented, with polyploidy being a common feature in the tribe Sisyrinchieae. The uniform base number of x=19 is, however, defining within the tribe. This base number is not found elsewhere in the tribe and only Diplarrhena and Solenomelus have uniform base numbers intragenerically.

All New Zealand endemic species of Libertia are diploid, hexaploid or dodecaploid, while these levels of ploidy have not been found outside New Zealand. Polyploidy is more prevalent in New Zealand species across all botanical taxa and this has been attributed as a relic of glacial refugia during glacial maximums.

Distribution Species Ploidy Level Chromosomal Count Contention
South American L. chilensis 4x (6x) 76 (72, 114) Due to numerous issues with this study, authors found the sample, identified as Libertia ixioides (New Zealand endemic) but collected from Chile, to have 72 chromosomes present. This was most likely a misidentification of Libertia chilensis, with a further error in counting.

Samples from the Juan Fernandez Islands were found to have 114 chromosomes, in comparison to the 76 found on the mainland.

South American L. colombiana No data available. No data available.
New Zealand endemic L. cranwelliae 12x 228
New Zealand endemic L. edgariae 6x 114
South American L. falcata No data available. No data available.
New Zealand endemic L. flaccidifolia 12x 228
New Zealand endemic L. grandiflora 6x 114 (228, 230) The 228/230 chromosome specimen was likely Libertia flaccidifolia, before the 2009 naming by Blanchon and Weaver.
South American L. insignis No data available. No data available.
New Zealand endemic L. ixioides 12x 228 (220–230, 230) Due to the difficulty in counting chromosomes, authors found between 220 and 230 chromosomes in different counts, with 228 being the average count.
New Zealand endemic L. micrantha 2x 38
New Zealand endemic L. mooreae 6x 114
Australian L. paniculata 4x 76
New Zealand endemic L. peregrinans 6x 114
Australasia L. pulchella 2x 38
South American L. sessiliflora 2x 38
South American L. tricocca No data available. No data available.
South American L. umbellata No data available. No data available.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. 1 2 Sprengel, Curt Polycarp Joachim 1824. Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 127 in Latin
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Blanchon, D.J.; et al. (2002). "A taxonomic revision of Libertia (Iridaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 40 (3): 437–456. Bibcode:2002NZJB...40..437B. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2002.9512805. S2CID 83634447.
  4. 1 2 "Census of vascular plants of Papua New Guinea". Retrieved 2010-01-01.
  5. ↑ "Stephen Butler | IGPS Blog". igpsblogs.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  6. ↑ Goldblatt; Henrich; Keating, Peter; James; Richard (1989). "Seed morphology of Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae-Sisyrinchieae) and its allies". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 76 (4): 1109–1117. doi:10.2307/2399695. JSTOR 2399695.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2006). CRC World Dictionary of Grasses, Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. 1. Taylor and Francis. p. 124. ISBN 9781420003222.
  8. ↑ Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter (2008). The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 215–16. ISBN 978-0-88192-897-6.
  9. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder – Libertia chilensis". Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  10. ↑ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  11. ↑ "Libertia paniculata". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  12. ↑ "Libertia pulchella". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  13. 1 2 3 Goldblatt; Takei, P.; M. (1997). "Chromosome cytology of Iridaceae-patterns of variation, determination of ancestral base numbers, and modes of karyotype change". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (2): 285–304. doi:10.2307/2400005. JSTOR 2400005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. 1 2 3 4 Blanchon; Weaver, D.J.; J.S. (2009). "Libertia flaccidifolia (Iridaceae), a new species from Mt. Tamahunga, Northland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 47 (3): 317–324. Bibcode:2009NZJB...47..317B. doi:10.1080/00288250909509812. S2CID 86060799.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Blanchon, D.J. (2000). "Chromosome numbers in the genus Libertia". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 38 (2): 245–250. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2000.9512681.
  16. 1 2 3 Hair; Beuzenberg; Pearson, J.B.; E.J.; B. (1967). "Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora - 9. Miscellaneous families". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 5: 185–196. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1967.10428739.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. 1 2 3 4 Moore, L.B. (1967). "The New Zealand species of Libertia (Iridaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 5 (2): 255–275. Bibcode:1967NZJB....5..255M. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1967.10428745.
  18. ↑ Rendle; Murray, H.; B.G. (1989). "Chromosome relationships and breeding barriers in New Zealand species of Ranunculus". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 27 (3): 437–444. Bibcode:1989NZJB...27..437R. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1989.10414124.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Murray; Cameron; Standring, B.G.; E.K.; L.S. (1992). "Chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and nuclear DNA variation in Pratia Gaudin (Lobeliaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 30 (2): 181–187. Bibcode:1992NZJB...30..181M. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1992.10412897.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ McQueen, D.R. (1992). "Disjunction of tree species in mountain forests, southern North Island, New Zealand: a review of paleobotanical evidence". Pacific Science. 46 (2): 269–275.
  21. 1 2 Sanders; Stuessy; Rodriguez, R.W.; T.F.; R. (1983). "Chromosome numbers from the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands". American Journal of Botany. 70 (6): 799–810. doi:10.2307/2442929. JSTOR 2442929.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Kenton; Heywood, A.; C.A. (1984). "Cytological studies in South American Iridaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 146 (1–2): 87–104. Bibcode:1984PSyEv.146...87K. doi:10.1007/bf00984056. S2CID 39542853.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)