Luo Ronghuan

Yuanshuai
Luo Ronghuan
罗荣桓
Luo in 1955
Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
In office
27 September 1954 – 16 December 1963
ChairmanLiu Shaoqi
Zhu De
Director of the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army
In office
January 1961 – December 1963
Preceded byTan Zheng
Succeeded byXiao Hua
In office
September 1954 – December 1956
Preceded byOffice Established
Succeeded byTan Zheng
Vice Chairman of the National Defense Council
In office
19 June 1954 – 4 January 1965
ChairmanMao Zedong
Secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
In office
March 1961 – December 1963
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byTan Zheng
In office
17 September 1955 – 27 September 1956
Preceded byTan Zheng
Succeeded byXiao Hua
Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate
In office
1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byZhang Dingcheng
Personal details
Born(1902-11-26)26 November 1902
Hengshan County, Hunan Province, Qing dynasty
Died16 December 1963(1963-12-16) (aged 61)
Beijing, China
OccupationGeneral, politician, writer
Nickname102 (military call sign)
Military service
Allegiance Chinese Communist Party
Branch/servicePeople's Liberation Army Ground Force
Years of service
1927–1963
RankYuanshuai
CommandsPolitical Commissar of the Northeast Field Army, PLA
Battles/wars
Awards Order of Bayi (First Class Medal)
Order of Independence and Freedom (First Class Medal)
Order of Liberation (China) (First Class Medal)

Luo Ronghuan (simplified Chinese: 罗荣桓; traditional Chinese: 羅榮桓; pinyin: Luó Rónghuán; Wade–Giles: Lo Jung-huan; November 26, 1902 – December 16, 1963) was a Marshal of the People's Republic of China. He served as a Vice Chair of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

Early life

Luo, originally named Luo Shenzhen, was born on 26 November 1902 in Nanwan, a village in Hengshan County, Hunan (now part of Hengdong County, Hengyang).: 4406 : 1  While at middle school in Changsha in 1919, he joined protests against the warlord Zhang Jingyao and a boycott of Japanese goods.: 5  From 1924 to 1926 he studied commerce in the preparatory course of the private Qingdao University, where he was a leader of the student movement.: 8–11 

In April 1927, Luo enrolled at National Wuchang Sun Yat-sen University and joined the Communist Youth League, soon becoming a member of the CCP.: 17  The party sent him to organize peasants in Tongcheng County, Hubei, where in August he led a local uprising. At the end of the month he took about 100 armed peasants to Xiushui, Jiangxi, where they joined the forces of the Autumn Harvest Uprising.: 18–22  After the Sanwan reorganization [zh] of the uprising's troops in September 1927, he became party representative of a special-duties company.: 26 

Military career

Red Army (1927–1937)

In 1928, Luo served as a company and then battalion party representative in the Fourth Red Army, and helped to establish the Jinggangshan base area.: 34–38  In 1929 he moved with the army into southern Jiangxi and western Fujian, and he was wounded during an attack on Meixian in October.: 40–46  At the Gutian Conference in December 1929, he was elected to the army's Front Committee. Mao is reported to have said at the conference that Luo was "a talent" and that the party had "discovered this comrade late".: 48 

In August 1930 Luo became political commissar and party secretary of the Fourth Red Army, and with its commander, Lin Biao, took part in the unsuccessful attack on Changsha. At the Luofang meeting in November, he supported Mao's strategy of luring Nationalist forces deep into the base area rather than attacking Nanchang.: 55  He took part in the first three counter-encirclement campaigns,: 57  but after losses of wounded soldiers, prisoners and captured weapons during a withdrawal in 1931, he was removed as party secretary of the army and replaced by Lin.: 59 

In March 1932, Luo became director of the political department of the 1st Red Army Group and took part in the Zhangzhou campaign. In 1933 he held political posts in the Jiangxi Military Region and the Red Army's General Political Department, where he directed recruitment.: 66–67  In January 1934 he was elected an alternate member of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic.

Luo began the Long March in October 1934 as director of the political department of the 8th Red Army Group. When that unit was disbanded after heavy losses in December, he became an inspector in the General Political Department.: 75  He reached northern Shaanxi in 1935 as deputy director of the 1st Army Group's political department.: 79  In 1936, he studied at the Red Army University, and in 1937 he became director of the 1st Army Group's political department.: 85–88 

Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)

From left: Chen Shiju, Luo, Li Tianyou and Xiao Hua at Xiaoyi, Shanxi, in 1938

When the Red Army was reorganized as the Eighth Route Army in August 1937, Luo became director of the 115th Division's political department. In March 1938 he became the division's political commissar. With its acting commander, Chen Guang, he fought the Japanese at Wucheng and Jinggou and established a base area in the Lüliang Mountains.: 92  In December 1938 he and Chen led the division's headquarters and part of its troops east into Shandong.: 98  There they fought a series of engagements against Japanese and collaborationist forces in 1939 and 1940.: 99–110  In late 1939 he intervened to stop an "anti-Trotskyist" purge in the Huxi area west of Weishan Lake.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War he served as political commissar of the 115th Division of the Eighth Route Army. The Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region anti-troskyites campaign extended to other base areas, including Shandong, leading to a frenzied campaign of mass execution of party cadres. This was put to a halt thanks to Luo's intervention in November 1939. This incident reached Yan'an in early 1940, which lead to a reexamination of the anti-trotskyite campaign in Shandong on a meeting convened by Chen Yun. Here, the campaign was criticized as too extremist, although it was maintained that it was correct, which was not enough to stop the deadly campaign, despite Luo's efforts, which saved more than 100 lives, the campaign did not fully end until April 1942, after an inspection by Liu Shaoqi.: 480–481  After Zhu Rui dismissal as political commissar of the Eighth Route Army in Shandong in 1942, he held unified leadership over the government, Party and military in the Shandong area during the war against Japan. He chaired the General Study Committee, where he tried to oppose the Rectification Campaign excesses in Shandong.: 617–620  During his leadership of Shandong the communist forces and territory grew, at the time of China's victory on the war against Japan the CCP controlled most of Shandong strongholds and communication lines, which were vital for communist victory during the Chinese civil war.: 625 

In November 1941, when about 50,000 Japanese and collaborationist troops attacked the Communist base in the Yimeng Mountains, Luo led the Shandong party, government and military organs out of the encirclement and then returned to wage guerrilla war in the area.: 154  In late 1942 he directed the Jiazishan campaign against the Nationalist 111th Division, after which overwork brought on an illness that caused blood in his urine.: 170–173  In March 1943 he became commander and political commissar of the Shandong Military Region, as well as political commissar and acting commander of the 115th Division. He directed offensives in 1944 and 1945 that expanded the Communist-held areas of Shandong and won over several collaborationist units.: 192–198  After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, his forces took control of most of Shandong, apart from the railway lines and a few county towns in the west. He was also a member of the CCP's 7th Central Committee, elected in 1945.: 4406 

Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)

Lin Biao, Luo and Liu Yalou directing operations during the Liaoshen campaign

In October 1945, Luo organized the movement of more than 60,000 Communist troops from Shandong to Northeast China, where he became second political commissar of the Northeast People's Autonomous Army.: 233  In early 1946 he was diagnosed with kidney cancer.: 245  In June he became deputy secretary of the CCP's Northeast Bureau and deputy political commissar of the Northeast Democratic United Army. In August 1946 he had his right kidney removed in the Soviet Union.: 254 

After returning in June 1947, Luo organized second-line forces to supply reserves to the Communist field armies, and with Lin Biao he directed the autumn and winter offensives of 1947–1948.: 256–261  He was also involved in directing the siege of Changchun. In June 1948, he drew up measures for the blockade of the city, and on 9 September he drafted a report to Mao that described starving civilians pleading with Communist sentries to let them through the lines and soldiers weeping with them after being ordered to turn them back. The blockade caused mass starvation among the city's civilians. A 1989 book by PLA officer Zhang Zhenglong estimated that about 150,000 died in the siege.

In August 1948, Luo became political commissar of the Northeast Field Army. With Lin Biao he directed the Liaoshen campaign, which began in September.: 274  According to the historian Liu Tong, Lin hesitated early in the campaign when Nationalist reinforcements arrived, and considered turning back to attack Changchun instead. Luo's official biography credits him with persuading Lin to continue the attack on Jinzhou.: 276  The army then moved south of the Great Wall for the Pingjin campaign. In January 1949, Luo, Lin and Nie Rongzhen formed its General Front Committee, which negotiated the peaceful surrender of Fu Zuoyi's forces in Beijing. In 1949, he was appointed second secretary of the CCP's Central China Bureau and first political commissar of the Fourth Field Army, but illness kept him in Tianjin and Beijing rather than with the army.: 302 

People's Republic of China

When the People's Republic was founded in October 1949, Luo became a member of the Central People's Government Council and Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and he oversaw the creation of the national procuratorial system.: 305  In April 1950, he became director of the PLA's General Political Department, and later also head of its General Cadre Department. In that post he oversaw the PLA's system of military ranks, and in 1954 he directed the drafting of the PLA's political work regulations.: 321  Because of Luo's poor health, Mao wrote to him in September 1950 advising him to hold fewer meetings. Information declassified by the CIA revealed that Luo headed an espionage training center in Beijing with "300 trainees... and 20 Soviet instructors" in late June 1951.

In September 1954, Luo became a vice-chairman of the NPC Standing Committee and of the National Defence Council.: 4406  He was made a marshal in September 1955,: 4406  and in 1956 he also became president of the PLA Political Academy. Later that year he stepped down from the General Political Department and the General Cadre Department because of ill health,: 336  and he was elected to the Politburo at the 8th Party Congress.

From 1959, Luo was a member of the Central Military Commission in charge of the militia.: 341–342  In January 1961, after Tan Zheng was demoted, he returned as director of the General Political Department. He objected several times to Lin Biao's simplified approach to the study of Mao's writings. At a Military Commission meeting in April 1961, he criticized Lin's slogan of studying Mao's works "with problems in mind" in Lin's presence.: 352–358  Later that year he told an army political work conference that political reliability had to be matched by professional skill.: 665 

Mao Zedong at Luo's memorial service, December 1963

In September 1963, Luo was admitted to Beijing Hospital with uremia caused by kidney failure.: 370  He died in Beijing on 16 December 1963.: 4406 : 373  His funeral was attended by Mao and Lin Biao; the only other funeral attended by Lin Biao was for PLA Air Force General Liu Yalou.

Legacy

Luo is regarded in China as the founder of the PLA's system of political work. More than 20,000 people attended his public memorial service at the Great Hall of the People on 22 December 1963. Liu Shaoqi presided, and Deng Xiaoping gave the eulogy, which praised Luo as being "most skilled at mobilizing, organizing and relying on the masses, and most skilled at uniting cadres".: 374–375  Mao wrote a poem in his memory, "Lament for Comrade Luo Ronghuan" (吊罗荣桓同志).: 373 

When military ranks were conferred in 1955, Luo asked not to be made a marshal, saying that he had few military achievements.: 323  Mao insisted on including him because of his contribution to the army's political work. In 1989 the Central Military Commission named him one of the PLA's military strategists. At the commemoration of his centenary in 2002, General Secretary Jiang Zemin described him as "one of the founders of the Chinese People's Liberation Army".

Luo's former residence in Hengdong County has been a provincial protected heritage site since 1983 and opened to the public in 1985. Its memorial hall was rated a national AAAA tourist attraction in 2011.

Personal life

In 1919, Luo married Yan Yue'e, who was two years older than him. Their daughter, Luo Yuying, was born in 1926. The couple lost contact after Luo left home to study in 1927. After 1949, he sent Yan money for living expenses, and she lived alone until her death in 1984.

In May 1937, Luo married Lin Yueqin.: 86  She was given the rank of senior colonel in 1955 and later served as an adviser in the cadre department of the PLA General Political Department. Three of their children died young. Their son Luo Dongjin became a lieutenant general and deputy political commissar of the Second Artillery Corps, and their daughter Luo Beijie became a professor at the PLA No. 304 Hospital.

Luo has been portrayed on screen by Lu Jixian in the Decisive Engagement films (1991), by Sun Jitang in The Founding of a Republic and the television series Liberation (both 2009), and by He Zhengjun in the television series Decisive Battle (2021).

Works

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Office was known as the "Vice Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission" before 29 September 1954.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Cihai Editorial Committee, ed. (1989). Cíhǎi 辞海 [Sea of Words] (in Chinese) (1989 ed.). Shanghai: Shànghǎi císhū chūbǎnshè.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Luo Ronghuan Biography Writing Group (2006). Luó Rónghuán zhuàn 罗荣桓传 [Biography of Luo Ronghuan] (in Chinese). Beijing: Dāngdài Zhōngguó chūbǎnshè. ISBN 978-7-80092-051-6.
  3. ↑ Li Yueqian (2014). Máo Zédōng yǔ shí dà yuánshuài 毛泽东与十大元帅 [Mao Zedong and the Ten Marshals] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhōngguó yǒuyì chūbǎn gōngsī. p. 220. ISBN 978-7-5057-3388-6.
  4. ↑ Party Literature Research Office of the CCP Central Committee (2006). Zhū Dé zhuàn 朱德传 [Biography of Zhu De] (in Chinese) (Revised ed.). Beijing: Zhōngyāng wénxiàn chūbǎnshè. p. 227. ISBN 978-7-5073-2143-2.
  5. ↑ Ye Jianjun; Cheng Bo; Wang Longbiao (2013). Máo Zédōng yǔ Lín Biāo 毛泽东与林彪 [Mao Zedong and Lin Biao] (in Chinese). Beijing: Dōngfāng chūbǎnshè. p. 29. ISBN 978-7-5060-6944-1.
  6. ↑ Ye Yonglie (2014). Lìshǐ xuǎnzé le Máo Zédōng 历史选择了毛泽东 [History Chose Mao Zedong] (in Chinese). Sìchuān rénmín chūbǎnshè; Huáxià chūbǎnshè. pp. 228–230. ISBN 978-7-220-09205-3.
  7. ↑ 中华苏维埃共和国中央执行委员会布告 [Proclamation of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic]. rjjng.com.cn (in Chinese). 1934-02-03. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  8. ↑ Liang Han (2001). Yu Jundao (ed.). Gònghéguó lǐngxiù, yuánshuài, jiāngjūn jiāowǎng shílù: Yuánshuài juàn: Luó Rónghuán 共和国领袖、元帅、将军交往实录·元帅卷·罗荣桓 [Records of the Relationships among the Republic's Leaders, Marshals and Generals: Marshals Volume: Luo Ronghuan] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sìchuān rénmín chūbǎnshè. p. 87. ISBN 7-220-05408-4.
  9. ↑ Luo Ruiqing Biography Writing Group (2007). Luó Ruìqīng zhuàn 罗瑞卿传 [Biography of Luo Ruiqing] (in Chinese). Beijing: Dāngdài Zhōngguó chūbǎnshè. p. 52. ISBN 978-7-80092-501-6.
  10. ↑ Editorial Committee of the PLA Historical Materials Series (1994). Bālùjūn · wénxiàn 八路军·文献 [The Eighth Route Army: Documents] (in Chinese). Jiěfàngjūn chūbǎnshè. pp. 19–20. ISBN 7-5065-2325-6.
  11. ↑ Chen Deren; et al., eds. (2002). Kāiguó yuánxūn: Gònghéguó shǒujiè zhèngyào jìshí, dì-1 juàn 开国元勋：共和国首届政要纪实 第1卷 [Founding Fathers: A Record of the Republic's First Leaders, Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Dāngdài Zhōngguó chūbǎnshè. p. 282. ISBN 7-80092-867-5.
  12. ↑ Zhang Zhenglong (2011). Yī jiàng nán qiú: Sì Yě míngjiàng lù 一将难求——四野名将录 [A General Is Hard to Find: Famous Generals of the Fourth Field Army] (in Chinese). Shenyang: Báishān chūbǎnshè. p. 16. ISBN 978-7-80687-898-9.
  13. 1 2 3 Gao Hua, How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945, Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. 2018
  14. ↑ Song Shilun, ed. (1989). Zhōngguó dà bǎikē quánshū 中国大百科全书 [Encyclopedia of China] (in Chinese). Vol. Jūnshì I (Military I). Beijing: Zhōngguó dà bǎikē quánshū chūbǎnshè. p. 729. ISBN 7-5000-0247-5.
  15. ↑ Institute of Military History, Academy of Military Science (2005). Zhōngguó Kàng-Rì zhànzhēng shǐhuà, dì-4 juàn: Chōngpò hēi'àn 中国抗日战争史画 第4卷 冲破黑暗 [Illustrated History of China's War of Resistance against Japan, Volume 4: Breaking through the Darkness] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jūnshì kēxué chūbǎnshè. p. 242. ISBN 7-80137-862-8.
  16. ↑ Zhang Mingjin; Liu Liqin (2010). Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn lìshǐ shàng de 200 gè jūnqū 中国人民解放军历史上的200个军区 [The 200 Military Regions in the History of the Chinese People's Liberation Army] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jiěfàngjūn wényì chūbǎnshè. p. 60. ISBN 978-7-5033-2252-5.
  17. ↑ PLA History Writing Group (2010). Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn jūnshǐ: dì-sān juàn 中国人民解放军军史：第三卷 [History of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Volume 3] (in Chinese). Jūnshì kēxué chūbǎnshè. p. 14. ISBN 978-7-80237-381-5.
  18. ↑ Zhu Jiamu; Party Literature Research Office of the CCP Central Committee, eds. (2000). Chén Yún niánpǔ (shàngjuàn) 陈云年谱（上卷） [Chronicle of Chen Yun's Life, Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhōngyāng wénxiàn chūbǎnshè. pp. 463–465. ISBN 978-7-5073-0787-0.
  19. ↑ Luo Ronghuan (1997). "Guānyú wéikùn Chángchūn de bàogào" 关于围困长春的报告 [Report on the Siege of Changchun]. Luó Rónghuán jūnshì wénxuǎn 罗荣桓军事文选 [Selected Military Writings of Luo Ronghuan] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jiěfàngjūn chūbǎnshè. ISBN 7-5065-3441-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ↑ Pomfret, John (22 November 1990). "Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians, Book Says". The Seattle Times. Associated Press.
  21. ↑ Han Xinfu; Jiang Kefu, eds. (2011). Zhōnghuá Mínguó shǐ dàshìjì 中華民國史大事記 [Chronicle of Major Events in the History of the Republic of China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhōnghuá shūjú. p. 8659. ISBN 978-7-101-07998-2.
  22. ↑ Liu Tong (2007). Zhōngguó gémìng zhànzhēng jìshí: Jiěfàng zhànzhēng: Dōngběi juàn 中国革命战争纪实·解放战争·东北卷 [Documentary History of China's Revolutionary Wars: The War of Liberation: Northeast Volume] (in Chinese). Beijing: Rénmín chūbǎnshè. p. 565. ISBN 978-7-01-004261-9.
  23. ↑ Hu Sheng, ed. (1991). Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng de qīshí nián 中国共产党的七十年 [Seventy Years of the Chinese Communist Party] (in Chinese). Beijing: Party History Research Centre of the CCP Central Committee. p. 224. ISBN 7-80136-339-6.
  24. ↑ Pak-Wah Leung (2002). Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-313-30216-9.
  25. ↑ Editorial Committee of the Combat History of the PLA Fourth Field Army (1998). Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn dì-sì yězhànjūn zhànshǐ 中国人民解放军第四野战军战史 [Combat History of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Fourth Field Army] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jiěfàngjūn chūbǎnshè. p. 476. ISBN 978-7-5065-5401-5.
  26. ↑ Xu Dashen; Zhang Shujun; Jiang Jiannong, eds. (2009). Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó liùshí nián shílù, dì-1 juàn xià 中华人民共和国六十年实录 第1卷下 [A Record of Sixty Years of the People's Republic of China, Volume 1, Part 2] (in Chinese). Changchun: Jílín rénmín chūbǎnshè. p. 40. ISBN 978-7-206-06261-2.
  27. ↑ PLA History Writing Group (2011). Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn jūnshǐ: dì-sì juàn 中国人民解放军军史：第四卷 [History of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Volume 4] (in Chinese). Jūnshì kēxué chūbǎnshè. pp. 16, 18. ISBN 978-7-80237-427-0.
  28. ↑ Ouyang Qing (2011). Dà shòuxián: 1955 Gònghéguó jiàngshuài shòuxián dàng'àn 大授衔：1955共和国将帅授衔档案 [The Great Conferral of Ranks: Archives of the Republic's 1955 Conferral of Ranks on Marshals and Generals] (in Chinese). Beijing: Chángchéng chūbǎnshè. p. 34. ISBN 978-7-5483-0058-8.
  29. ↑ Mao Zedong (1987). Jiànguó yǐlái Máo Zédōng wéngǎo, dì-yī juàn 建国以来毛泽东文稿 第一卷 [Mao Zedong's Manuscripts since the Founding of the State, Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhōngyāng wénxiàn chūbǎnshè. p. 528.
  30. ↑ "Chinese Communist Espionage Training Centers, Yunnan, Peiping and Shanghai". Central Intelligence Agency. June 29, 1951. Retrieved April 13, 2026.
  31. ↑ Institute of Military History, Academy of Military Science (2005). Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó jūnshì shǐyào 中华人民共和国军事史要 [An Outline Military History of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jūnshì kēxué chūbǎnshè. p. 244. ISBN 7-80137-800-8.
  32. ↑ Wang Qi (1992). Lìjiè Zhōnggòng zhōngyāng wěiyuán rénmíng cídiǎn 1921–1987 历届中共中央委员人名词典 1921-1987 [Biographical Dictionary of Members of the CCP Central Committee, 1921–1987] (in Chinese). Zhōnggòng dǎngshǐ chūbǎnshè. p. 246. ISBN 7-80023-494-0.
  33. ↑ Qiao Xizhang (2005). Tán Zhèng dàjiàng 谭政大将 [General Tan Zheng] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jiěfàngjūn wényì chūbǎnshè. p. 327. ISBN 7-5033-1824-4.
  34. ↑ Luo Ronghuan (1997). Luó Rónghuán jūnshì wénxuǎn 罗荣桓军事文选 [Selected Military Writings of Luo Ronghuan] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jiěfàngjūn chūbǎnshè. ISBN 7-5065-3441-X.
  35. ↑ Shi Hai; Chen Xiong, eds. (2007). Gònghéguó 36 wèi jūnshìjiā (shàng) 共和国36位军事家 上 [Thirty-six Military Strategists of the Republic, Volume 1] (in Chinese). Beijing: Chángzhēng chūbǎnshè. p. 261. ISBN 978-7-80204-274-2.
  36. ↑ Ouyang Qing (2008). 1955 Gònghéguó jiàngshuài dà shòuxián 1955共和国将帅大授衔 [The Great 1955 Conferral of Ranks on the Republic's Marshals and Generals] (in Chinese). Jinan: Huánghé chūbǎnshè. p. 188. ISBN 978-7-80152-924-4.
  37. ↑ 中国当代军事家 [Contemporary Chinese Military Strategists]. China.org.cn (in Chinese). 2007-03-05. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  38. ↑ Jiang Zemin (2002-11-26). 在纪念罗荣桓同志诞辰一百周年座谈会上的讲话 [Speech at the Forum Commemorating the Centenary of Comrade Luo Ronghuan's Birth]. Xinhua (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  39. ↑ 罗荣桓元帅故居 [Former Residence of Marshal Luo Ronghuan]. Hengyang Tourism Bureau (in Chinese). 2013-08-18. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  40. ↑ 衡东县罗荣桓故居纪念馆荣升国家4A级旅游景区 [Luo Ronghuan Former Residence Memorial Hall in Hengdong County Promoted to National AAAA Tourist Attraction]. Rednet (in Chinese). 2011-11-03. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  41. ↑ 揭秘：共和国十大元帅的爱情往事 [Revealed: The Love Stories of the Republic's Ten Marshals]. People's Daily Online (in Chinese). 2015-05-08. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
  42. ↑ Editorial Committee of the Combat History of the Red Fourth Front Army (October 1998). Zhōngguó gōng-nóng hóngjūn dì-sì fāngmiànjūn rénwù zhì 中国工农红军第四方面军人物志 [Biographies of Figures of the Fourth Front Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army] (in Chinese). Beijing: Jiěfàngjūn chūbǎnshè. p. 476. ISBN 7-5065-3365-0.
  43. ↑ Zhao Yunsheng; Wang Honghui, eds. (2003). Yuánshuài fūrén zhuàn: Gònghéguó yuánshuài fūrénmen de jìshí zhuīzōng 元帅夫人传：共和国元帅夫人们的纪实追踪 [Biographies of the Marshals' Wives: A Documentary Account of the Wives of the Republic's Marshals] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhōnggòng dǎngshǐ chūbǎnshè. p. 606. ISBN 7-80136-842-8.