Mesodinium

Mesodinium
Mesodinium species containing green plastids taken from cryptophyte prey
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Alveolata
Phylum: Ciliophora
Class: Litostomatea
Order: Cyclotrichiida
Family: Mesodiniidae
Genus: Mesodinium
von Stein
Species

Mesodinium is a genus of ciliates that are widely distributed and are abundant in marine and brackish waters.

Currently, six marine species of Mesodinium have been described and grouped by nutritional mode: plastidic (M. chamaeleon, M. coatsi, M. major, and M. rubrum) or heterotrophic (M. pulex and M. pupula). There is some debate as to whether the nutritional mode of plastidic Mesodinium species is phototrophic (permanent plastid) or mixotrophic. Among the plastidic species, wild M. major and M. rubrum populations possess red plastids belonging to genera Teleaulax, Plagioselmis, and Geminigera, while wild M. chamaeleon and M. coatsi populations normally contain green plastids. The availability of suitable cryptophyte prey is important for bloom formation of plastidic Mesodinium species.

The most common species, Mesodinium rubrum, causes red tides in many coastal ecosystems. Although M. rubrum is known as a nontoxic species, blooms of the ciliate can be potentially harmful to aquaculture industries.[how?] M. rubrum photosynthesizes by sequestering the nucleus of its cryptophyte prey, in order to maintain stolen plastids and other organelles. In this way, the genus Mesodinium plays an important role in linking cryptophycean prey and diverse predators in the aquatic microbial food web. For example, the dinoflagellates Dinophysis spp., which are a predator of M. rubrum and the source of their cryptophyte-derived plastids, have been frequently observed to precede or to coincide with high densities of M. rubrum.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Nishitani, G. and Yamaguchi, M. (2018) "Seasonal succession of ciliate Mesodinium spp. with red, green, or mixed plastids and their association with cryptophyte prey". Scientific reports, 8(1): 1–9. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35629-4. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  2. ↑ Leppanen, J. M. & Bruun, J. E. (1986) The role of pelagic ciliates including the autotrophic Mesodinium rubrum during the spring bloom of 1982 in the open northern Baltic proper. Ophelia 4, 147–157.
  3. ↑ Sanders, R. W. (1995) Seasonal distributions of the photosynthesizing ciliates Laboea strobila and Myrionecta rubra (=Mesodinium rubrum) in an estuary of the Gulf of Maine. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 9, 237–242.
  4. ↑ Dajun Qiu; Liangmin Huang; Senjie Lin (2016). "Cryptophyte farming by symbiotic ciliate host detected in situ". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (43): 12208–12213. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11312208Q. doi:10.1073/pnas.1612483113. PMC 5087057. PMID 27791006. Wikidata Q30826949. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Dajun Qiu , Liangmin Huang, Senjie Lin  (help)
  5. ↑ Johnson, Matthew; Erica Lasek-Nesselquist; Moeller, Holly; et al. (2017). "Mesodinium rubrum: The symbiosis that wasn't". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (7): E1040–E1042. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.1040J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1619247114. PMC 5320990. PMID 28154148. Wikidata Q42320407. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Erica Lasek-Nesselquist  (help)
  6. ↑ Goh Nishitani; Satoshi Nagai; Katsuhisa Baba; et al. (2010). "High-level congruence of Myrionecta rubra prey and Dinophysis species plastid identities as revealed by genetic analyses of isolates from Japanese coastal waters" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (9): 2791–8. doi:10.1128/aem.02566-09. PMC 2863437. PMID 20305031. Wikidata Q24629387. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Goh Nishitani, Satoshi Nagai, Katsuhisa Baba (help)
  7. ↑ L Herfort; TD Peterson; LA McCue; et al. (2011). "Myrionecta rubra population genetic diversity and its cryptophyte chloroplast specificity in recurrent red tides in the Columbia River estuary". Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 62 (1): 85–97. doi:10.3354/ame01460. Wikidata Q57272516. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for L Herfort, TD Peterson, LA McCue (help)
  8. ↑ Lydie Herfort; Katie Maxey; Ian Voorhees; Holly M Simon; Kolette Grobler; Tawnya D Peterson; Peter Zuber (2017). "Use of Highly Specific Molecular Markers Reveals Positive Correlation between Abundances of Mesodinium cf. major and Its Preferred Prey, Teleaulax amphioxeia, During Red Water Blooms in the Columbia River Estuary". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 64 (6): 740–755. doi:10.1111/jeu.12407. PMID 28258655. Wikidata Q46343430. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Lydie Herfort , Katie Maxey, Ian Voorhees, Holly M Simon, Kolette Grobler, Tawnya D Peterson, Peter Zuber (help)
  9. ↑ Lydia Garcia-Cuetos; Moestrup, Øjvind; Hansen, Per (2012). "Studies on the genus Mesodinium II. Ultrastructural and molecular investigations of five marine species help clarifying the taxonomy". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (4): 374–400. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00630.x. PMID 22708786. Wikidata Q34282405. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Lydia Garcia-Cuetos  (help)
  10. ↑ Moestrup, Øjvind; Lydia Garcia-Cuetos; Hansen, Per; Fenchel, Tom (2012). "Studies on the genus Mesodinium I: ultrastructure and description of Mesodinium chamaeleon n. sp., a benthic marine species with green or red chloroplasts". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (1): 20–39. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00593.x. PMID 22221919. Wikidata Q34030100. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Lydia Garcia-Cuetos  (help)
  11. ↑ Seung Won Nam; Woongghi Shin; Misun Kang; Wonho Yih; Myung Gil Park (2014). "Ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of Mesodinium coatsi sp. nov., a benthic marine ciliate". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 62 (1): 102–120. doi:10.1111/jeu.12150. PMID 25047232. Wikidata Q30837739. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Seung Won Nam, Misun Kang, Wonho Yih, Myung Gil Park (help)
  12. ↑ Lindholm, T. (1985) Mesodinium rubrum–a unique photosynthetic ciliate. Adv. Aquat. Microbiol. 3, 1–48.
  13. ↑ Hayes, G. C., Purdie, D. A. & Williams, J. A. (1989) The distribution of ichthyoplankton in Southampton Water in response to low oxygen levels produced by a Mesodinium rubrum bloom. J. Fish Biol. 34, 811–813.
  14. ↑ Liu, H. et al. (2012) Potential risk of Mesodinium rubrum bloom in the aquaculture area of Dapeng’ao cove, China: diurnal changes in the ciliate community structure in the surface water. Oceanologia 54, 109–117.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Matthew; David Oldach; Delwiche, Charles Francis; Stoecker, Diane (2007). "Retention of transcriptionally active cryptophyte nuclei by the ciliate Myrionecta rubra". Nature. 445 (7126): 426–428. doi:10.1038/nature05496. PMID 17251979. Wikidata Q34606048. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for David Oldach (help)
  16. ↑ Mouritsen, L. T. & Richardson, K. (2003) Vertical microscale patchiness in nano- and microplankton distributions in a stratifed estuary. J. Plankton Res. 25, 783–797.
  17. ↑ Conny O. Sjöqvist; Tore J. Lindholm (2011). "Natural co-occurrence of Dinophysis acuminata (Dinoflagellata) and Mesodinium rubrum (Ciliophora) in thin layers in a coastal inlet". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 58 (4): 365–372. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00559.x. PMID 21569163. Wikidata Q51598919. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for Conny O. Sjöqvist, Tore J. Lindholm (help)
  18. ↑ Lips, U. & Lips, I. (2014) Bimodal distribution patterns of motile phytoplankton in relation to physical processes and stratification (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea). Deep-Sea Res. II. 101, 107–119.
  19. ↑ L. Velo-Suárez; S. González-Gil; Y. Pazos; B. Reguera (2014). "The growth season of Dinophysis acuminata in an upwelling system embayment: A conceptual model based on in situ measurements". Deep-Sea Research. Part 2: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 101: 141–151. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.033. Wikidata Q60507600. {{Cite Q}}: Missing first/last names in Wikidata for L. Velo-Suárez, S. González-Gil, Y. Pazos, B. Reguera (help)