Mriganka Sur

Mriganka Sur
Born1953 (age 72–73)
Fatehgarh, India
OccupationNeuroscientist
Academic background
EducationIIT Kanpur (B.Tech.)
Vanderbilt University (MS), (Ph.D.)
Academic work
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Yale University
Websitewww.surlab.org

Mriganka Sur (born 1953 in Fatehgarh, India) is an Indian-American neuroscientist known for his contributions to understanding the development, organization, plasticity and computational function of the cerebral cortex. He is the Newton Professor of Neuroscience and director of the Simons Center for the Social Brain at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also served as a visiting faculty member in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras and N.R. Narayana Murthy Distinguished Chair in Computational Brain Research at the Centre for Computational Brain Research, IIT Madras. He was on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2010, and has served as jury chair since 2018.

Early life and education

Sur did his early schooling at the St. Joseph's Collegiate School, Allahabad. He received a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) in 1974, and Master of Science and PhD degrees in electrical engineering in 1975 and 1978, respectively, from Vanderbilt University in Nashville. After postdoctoral research at Stony Brook University, he was appointed to the faculty of Yale University School of Medicine in 1983.

Career

Sur joined the faculty of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1986. In 1993, he was named professor of Neuroscience, and in 1997, head of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. He is currently the Newton Professor of Neuroscience and director of the Simons Center for the Social Brain at MIT.

Sur is a pioneer in technology development for analyzing the function and structure of neurons and synapses in the live brain, and the study of brain plasticity and its mechanisms. His research involves experimental and computational approaches to study developmental plasticity in the developing brain, and dynamic changes in mature cortical networks during learning and information processing.

His laboratory investigates fundamental principles governing how networks of the cerebral cortex are wired during development and are dynamically reorganized during learning. His group's discoveries have provided foundational concepts of how cortical circuits process information underlying perception, cognition, and goal-directed action.

Important Discoveries

Cortical plasticity

Rewiring cortex

Sur’s work on cortical plasticity has had a seminal impact on the field. His discovery of developmental plasticity induced by novel input activity overturned an innate ‘labeled line’ hypothesis of cortical function.

By routing visual inputs to the auditory thalamus in neonatal ferrets, his lab showed that the auditory cortex, which normally processes hearing, can ‘rewire’ its circuits to generate visual maps, process vision, and mediate visual behavior. These discoveries provide a powerful demonstration that cortex is a reconfigurable substrate that can be patterned by inputs.

Mechanisms of plasticity

To understand mechanisms of activity-dependent plasticity, Sur’s lab used microarray analyses of classic visual plasticity paradigms (dark-rearing and monocular deprivation during the critical period) to discover gene expression changes and microRNAs associated with cortical plasticity.

They demonstrated rules of plasticity and the role of specific molecules in implementing these rules. His lab showed that neuronal plasticity is implemented by locally coordinated potentiation and depression of spines, which involves AMPA receptor redistribution via targeted expression of Arc.

Together with large-scale synaptic dynamics of V1 neurons during normal development, these findings have demonstrated a fundamental principle, that Hebbian strengthening of coactive synapses and heterosynaptic weakening of adjacent synapses cooperatively mediate neuron-wide plasticity.

Mechanisms and therapeutics for neurodevelopmental disorders

Sur’s group has applied this understanding of plasticity to study disorders of brain development. Rett Syndrome is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in MECP2, a transcriptional regulator. Sur hypothesized that a core mechanism of Rett Syndrome is the persistence of immature synapses which may be induced to mature. Rett model mice indeed have a deficit in PI3K/Akt/Erk signaling and PSD95 expression, leading to immature excitatory synapses and prolonged visual cortex plasticity that extends into adulthood. Application of IGF1(1-3) peptide, which degrades IGF binding proteins produced by astrocytes and enhances IGF1 availability, and of full-length IGF1, upregulates these signals to restore normal synaptic plasticity and function and improve behavioral phenotypes.

Human Rett IPSC-derived neurons show deficits in IGF1 and similar effectiveness of IGF1 in restoring PI3K, AKT and S6 signals. Based on the lab’s work, an IGF1(1-3) mimetic – trofinetide - was employed in clinical trials for Rett Syndrome. In 2023, trofinetide was approved by the FDA as the first treatment for Rett Syndrome. This work has played an important part in raising optimism that even major disorders of brain development may be treated effectively when understood mechanistically.

Cortical circuits and roles of neuromodulators

E-I balance as crucial for visual cortex function

By computational modeling, Sur’s group proposed that a key feature of visual cortex networks - local and long-range connections between excitatory neurons critically balanced by inhibition - is essential for explaining feature-selective responses. They demonstrated that inhibition and excitation are exquisitely tuned across cortical sites, as demonstrated by imaging and intracellular recordings.

Role of inhibitory neuron classes

The Sur lab pioneered two-photon measurements of neuronal activity in the intact mouse brain with cell-specific manipulations of activity to discover specific and unique functions of inhibitory neuron classes in cortical responses. Probing neuromodulator-dependent mechanisms of internal states, they demonstrated that cholinergic inputs to inhibitory neuron classes shape the temporal dynamics of cortical activity, including neuronal desynchronization during arousal and attention.

Role of norepinephrine in cortical circuits and learning

The Sur lab showed that control of norepinephrine release by locus coeruleus neurons via local GABAergic neurons strongly influences arousal, and phasic norepinephrine activity signals uncertainty and reward prediction to modulate task execution and reinforcement learning during goal-directed behavior. Together, these discoveries have shaped the understanding that specific excitatory and inhibitory cortical circuits mediate unique functions, and neuromodulator systems act via cell-specific circuits to modulate cortical functions, brain states and learning.

Astrocytes and astrocyte-neuron circuits

Astrocytes and blood oxygen levels

The Sur lab has discovered novel and critical roles for astrocytes in brain function. By high resolution imaging in the intact visual cortex, they showed that astrocytes have tuned calcium responses to visual stimuli that are mediated importantly via glutamate transporters on astrocyte processes that surround synapses, and they influence local blood flow and hence the hemodynamic signals that underlie brain imaging methods such as fMRI.

Role of astrocytes in information processing and plasticity

Astrocytes are also activated by neuromodulators such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, and Sur and coworkers showed that cholinergic inputs to cortex act via astrocytes to alter the strength of excitatory synapses and implement plasticity of neuronal responses. Furthermore, astrocyte GABA transporters regulate extrasynaptic GABA and influence population coding of visual information by V1 neurons. Astrocyte calcium signaling influences excitatory drive to inhibitory neurons, thereby enabling astrocytes to modulate excitatory-inhibitory balance in neuronal V1 circuits.

Astrocytes and learning

Glutamate transporters on astrocytes regulate developmental plasticity in visual cortex. Gene expression (of glutamate and GABA transporters) in cortical astrocytes is modulated by learning, and astrocytes thus crucially shape cortical neuronal activity underlying learned behavior. Recently, The Sur lab has shown that cortical astrocytes transform phasic norepinephrine reward prediction signals into prolonged calcium responses critical for behavioral optimization, and hence play an instrumental role in reinforcement learning (Drummond et al., bioRxiv 2026). These studies have thus contributed fundamentally to the view that astrocytes are not only partners with neurons but even have unique roles in information processing, plasticity and learning.

Novel technologies and mechanisms of cognitive function

Technologies for imaging brain activity

The Sur laboratory developed high resolution two-photon microscopy in the intact mouse brain to show that synapses on visual cortex pyramidal neurons are highly dynamic structures whose form and function can change under the influence of electrical activity. They have continued to develop advanced multi-photon technologies for imaging the calcium activity of cells and their processes across multiple cortical areas and depths.

Mechanisms of learning and cognition

Combined with cell- and projection-specific manipulations, high-density recordings and computational analyses, these technologies have demonstrated principles of information representation, decisions and action selection in higher (parietal and prefrontal) cortex in mice performing perceptual discrimination and memory-guided decision tasks. The lab has elucidated distinct roles of prefrontal cortex subregions that provide feedback to V1 across behavioral states, demonstrating exquisite specificity of top-down projections in cortical networks. The lab is opening up new ways to address longstanding questions about the neural architecture of cognition. For example, they have shown that pulvinar inputs to prefrontal cortex encode sensory history as a low-dimensional activity manifold that forms a substrate for attention, and modular subsets of prefrontal cortex neurons representing specific functions are computationally recombined across tasks to generate flexible behavior.

Awards and honors

Sur has received numerous honors, including election as a fellow of the Royal Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering.

References

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  2. 1 2 "Home". Sur Lab. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  3. ↑ "Brain and Cognitive Sciences". bcs.mit.edu. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  4. ↑ "Members - CSE-IITM". www.cse.iitm.ac.in. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  5. ↑ "CCBR | Home". ccbr.iitmadras.in. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  6. ↑ "Infosys Prize - Jury 2020". www.infosys-science-foundation.com. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  7. ↑ "rediff.com US edition: He Listens to the Brain's 'Sur'". m.rediff.com. Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mriganka Sur – SUR LAB". Retrieved 17 August 2026.
  9. ↑ "Star-Shaped Brain Cells Make Scans Possible". The Washington Post. 19 June 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  10. ↑ "Mriganka Sur Laboratory at MIT". Sur Laboratory website. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  11. ↑ "Brain and Cognitive Sciences". MIT Departmental website. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  12. 1 2 "Mriganka Sur : The Picower Institute". Picower Institute for Learning and Memory website.
  13. 1 2 "Mriganka Sur | American Academy of Arts and Sciences". www.amacad.org. 10 August 2026. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
  14. ↑ "Jury 2024 - Mriganka Sur - Life Sciences". www.infosysprize.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2026. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
  15. ↑ Sur, Mriganka; Leamey, Catherine A. (April 2001). "Development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2 (4). Nature Publishing Group: 251–262. doi:10.1038/35067562. ISSN 1471-0048. PMID 11283748.
  16. ↑ Sur, Mriganka; Rubenstein, John L. R. (4 November 2005). "Patterning and Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex". Science. 310 (5749): 805–810. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..805S. doi:10.1126/science.1112070. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16272112.
  17. ↑ Sur, Mriganka; Garraghty, Preston E.; Roe, Anna W. (9 December 1988). "Experimentally Induced Visual Projections into Auditory Thalamus and Cortex". Science. 242 (4884): 1437–1441. Bibcode:1988Sci...242.1437S. doi:10.1126/science.2462279. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 2462279.
  18. ↑ Roe, Anna W.; Pallas, Sarah L.; Hahm, Jong-On; Sur, Mriganka (9 November 1990). "A Map of Visual Space Induced in Primary Auditory Cortex". Science. 250 (4982): 818–820. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..818R. doi:10.1126/science.2237432. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 2237432.
  19. ↑ Roe, Aw; Pallas, Sl; Kwon, Yh; Sur, M (1 September 1992). "Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets: receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory cortex". The Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (9): 3651–3664. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-09-03651.1992. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6575717. PMID 1527604.
  20. ↑ von Melchner, Laurie; Pallas, Sarah L.; Sur, Mriganka (April 2000). "Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway". Nature. 404 (6780): 871–876. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..871V. doi:10.1038/35009102. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 10786793.
  21. ↑ Newton, Jessica R; Ellsworth, Charlene; Miyakawa, Tsuyoshi; Tonegawa, Susumu; Sur, Mriganka (September 2004). "Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the auditory pathway". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (9): 968–973. doi:10.1038/nn1306. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 15322551.
  22. ↑ Tropea, Daniela; Kreiman, Gabriel; Lyckman, Alvin; Mukherjee, Sayan; Yu, Hongbo; Horng, Sam; Sur, Mriganka (May 2006). "Gene expression changes and molecular pathways mediating activity-dependent plasticity in visual cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 9 (5): 660–668. doi:10.1038/nn1689. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 16633343.
  23. ↑ Lyckman, Alvin W.; Horng, Sam; Leamey, Catherine A.; Tropea, Daniela; Watakabe, Akiya; Van Wart, Audra; McCurry, Cortina; Yamamori, Tetsuo; Sur, Mriganka (8 July 2008). "Gene expression patterns in visual cortex during the critical period: Synaptic stabilization and reversal by visual deprivation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (27): 9409–9414. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.9409L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710172105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2453704. PMID 18606990.
  24. ↑ Mellios, Nikolaos; Sugihara, Hiroki; Castro, Jorge; Banerjee, Abhishek; Le, Chuong; Kumar, Arooshi; Crawford, Benjamin; Strathmann, Julia; Tropea, Daniela; Levine, Stuart S; Edbauer, Dieter; Sur, Mriganka (October 2011). "miR-132, an experience-dependent microRNA, is essential for visual cortex plasticity". Nature Neuroscience. 14 (10): 1240–1242. doi:10.1038/nn.2909. ISSN 1097-6256. PMC 3183341. PMID 21892155.
  25. ↑ Jenks, Kyle R.; Heller, Gregg R.; Tsimring, Katya; Martin, Kendyll B.; Rizvi, Asrah; Kan Ip, Jacque Pak; Sur, Mriganka (June 2026). "Functional organization of dendritic spines in mouse visual cortex layer 2/3 neurons". iScience. 29 (6) 115861. Bibcode:2026iSci...2915861J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115861. PMC 13196567. PMID 42181246.
  26. 1 2 Oray, Serkan; Majewska, Ania; Sur, Mriganka (December 2004). "Dendritic Spine Dynamics Are Regulated by Monocular Deprivation and Extracellular Matrix Degradation". Neuron. 44 (6): 1021–1030. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.001. PMID 15603744.
  27. ↑ McCurry, Cortina L; Shepherd, Jason D; Tropea, Daniela; Wang, Kuan H; Bear, Mark F; Sur, Mriganka (April 2010). "Loss of Arc renders the visual cortex impervious to the effects of sensory experience or deprivation". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (4): 450–457. doi:10.1038/nn.2508. ISSN 1097-6256. PMC 2864583. PMID 20228806.
  28. ↑ Mower, Amanda F.; Kwok, Showming; Yu, Hongbo; Majewska, Ania K.; Okamoto, Ken-Ichi; Hayashi, Yasunori; Sur, Mriganka (27 December 2011). "Experience-dependent regulation of CaMKII activity within single visual cortex synapses in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (52): 21241–21246. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10821241M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108261109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3248554. PMID 22160721.
  29. ↑ Nagakura, I.; Van Wart, A.; Petravicz, J.; Tropea, D.; Sur, M. (30 July 2014). "STAT1 Regulates the Homeostatic Component of Visual Cortical Plasticity via an AMPA Receptor-Mediated Mechanism". Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (31): 10256–10263. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0189-14.2014. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 4115137. PMID 25080587.
  30. ↑ Ip, Jacque P.K.; Nagakura, Ikue; Petravicz, Jeremy; Li, Keji; Wiemer, Erik A.C.; Sur, Mriganka (18 April 2018). "Major Vault Protein, a Candidate Gene in 16p11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome, Is Required for the Homeostatic Regulation of Visual Cortical Plasticity". The Journal of Neuroscience. 38 (16): 3890–3900. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2034-17.2018. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 5907052. PMID 29540554.
  31. ↑ El-Boustani, Sami; Ip, Jacque P. K.; Breton-Provencher, Vincent; Knott, Graham W.; Okuno, Hiroyuki; Bito, Haruhiko; Sur, Mriganka (22 June 2018). "Locally coordinated synaptic plasticity of visual cortex neurons in vivo". Science. 360 (6395): 1349–1354. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1349E. doi:10.1126/science.aao0862. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6366621. PMID 29930137.
  32. ↑ Tsimring, Katya; Jenks, Kyle R.; Cusseddu, Claudia; Heller, Greggory R.; Ip, Jacque Pak Kan; Gjorgjieva, Julijana; Sur, Mriganka (1 July 2025). "Large-scale synaptic dynamics drive the reconstruction of binocular circuits in mouse visual cortex". Nature Communications. 16 (1) 5810. Bibcode:2025NatCo..16.5810T. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60825-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 12217950. PMID 40593694.
  33. ↑ Tropea, Daniela; Van Wart, Audra; Sur, Mriganka (12 February 2009). "Molecular mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity in visual cortex". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1515): 341–355. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0269. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2674480. PMID 18977729.
  34. ↑ Jenks, Kyle R.; Tsimring, Katya; Ip, Jacque Pak Kan; Zepeda, Jose C.; Sur, Mriganka (7 December 2021). "Heterosynaptic Plasticity and the Experience-Dependent Refinement of Developing Neuronal Circuits". Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 15 803401. doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.803401. ISSN 1662-5110. PMC 8689143. PMID 34949992.
  35. 1 2 Tropea, Daniela; Giacometti, Emanuela; Wilson, Nathan R.; Beard, Caroline; McCurry, Cortina; Fu, Dong Dong; Flannery, Ruth; Jaenisch, Rudolf; Sur, Mriganka (10 February 2009). "Partial reversal of Rett Syndrome-like symptoms in MeCP2 mutant mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 2029–2034. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.2029T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812394106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2644158. PMID 19208815.
  36. ↑ Ojha, Prachi; Kozareva, Velina; Barlowe, Alexandria; Schulte, Fabian; Lam, Ruby Minh; Tomasello, Danielle L; Fraenkel, Ernest; Jaenisch, Rudolf; Sur, Mriganka (23 January 2026), "IGF1 peptide targets Rett Syndrome astrocytes to degrade IGF binding protein, rescue synaptogenesis and restore mitochondrial function", bioRxiv : The Preprint Server for Biology, doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701190, PMC 12879660, PMID 41659690
  37. ↑ Castro, Jorge; Garcia, Rodrigo I.; Kwok, Showming; Banerjee, Abhishek; Petravicz, Jeremy; Woodson, Jonathan; Mellios, Nikolaos; Tropea, Daniela; Sur, Mriganka (8 July 2014). "Functional recovery with recombinant human IGF1 treatment in a mouse model of Rett Syndrome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (27): 9941–9946. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.9941C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1311685111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4103342. PMID 24958891.
  38. ↑ Banerjee, Abhishek; Rikhye, Rajeev V.; Breton-Provencher, Vincent; Tang, Xin; Li, Chenchen; Li, Keji; Runyan, Caroline A.; Fu, Zhanyan; Jaenisch, Rudolf; Sur, Mriganka (15 November 2016). "Jointly reduced inhibition and excitation underlies circuit-wide changes in cortical processing in Rett syndrome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (46): E7287–E7296. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E7287B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1615330113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5135376. PMID 27803317.
  39. ↑ Li, Yun; Wang, Haoyi; Muffat, Julien; Cheng, Albert W.; Orlando, David A.; Lovén, Jakob; Kwok, Show-ming; Feldman, Danielle A.; Bateup, Helen S.; Gao, Qing; Hockemeyer, Dirk; Mitalipova, Maisam; Lewis, Caroline A.; Vander Heiden, Matthew G.; Sur, Mriganka (October 2013). "Global Transcriptional and Translational Repression in Human-Embryonic-Stem-Cell-Derived Rett Syndrome Neurons". Cell Stem Cell. 13 (4): 446–458. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.09.001. PMC 4053296. PMID 24094325.
  40. ↑ Li, Yun; Muffat, Julien; Omer, Attya; Bosch, Irene; Lancaster, Madeline A.; Sur, Mriganka; Gehrke, Lee; Knoblich, Juergen A.; Jaenisch, Rudolf (March 2017). "Induction of Expansion and Folding in Human Cerebral Organoids". Cell Stem Cell. 20 (3): 385–396.e3. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.11.017. PMC 6461394. PMID 28041895.
  41. ↑ Mellios, Nikolaos; Woodson, Jonathan; Garcia, Rodrigo I.; Crawford, Benjamin; Sharma, Jitendra; Sheridan, Steven D.; Haggarty, Stephen J.; Sur, Mriganka (8 July 2014). "β2-Adrenergic receptor agonist ameliorates phenotypes and corrects microRNA-mediated IGF1 deficits in a mouse model of Rett syndrome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (27): 9947–9952. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.9947M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1309426111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4103343. PMID 24958851.
  42. ↑ Mellios, N; Feldman, D A; Sheridan, S D; Ip, J P K; Kwok, S; Amoah, S K; Rosen, B; Rodriguez, B A; Crawford, B; Swaminathan, R; Chou, S; Li, Y; Ziats, M; Ernst, C; Jaenisch, R (April 2018). "MeCP2-regulated miRNAs control early human neurogenesis through differential effects on ERK and AKT signaling". Molecular Psychiatry. 23 (4): 1051–1065. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.86. ISSN 1359-4184. PMC 5815944. PMID 28439102.
  43. ↑ Sahin, Mustafa; Sur, Mriganka (20 November 2015). "Genes, circuits, and precision therapies for autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders". Science. 350 (6263) aab3897. doi:10.1126/science.aab3897. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4739545. PMID 26472761.
  44. ↑ Ip, Jacque P. K.; Mellios, Nikolaos; Sur, Mriganka (June 2018). "Rett syndrome: insights into genetic, molecular and circuit mechanisms". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 19 (6): 368–382. doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0006-3. ISSN 1471-003X. PMC 6402579. PMID 29740174.
  45. ↑ Tang, Xin; Jaenisch, Rudolf; Sur, Mriganka (May 2021). "The role of GABAergic signalling in neurodevelopmental disorders". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 22 (5): 290–307. doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00443-x. ISSN 1471-003X. PMC 9001156. PMID 33772226.
  46. ↑ Somers, Dc; Nelson, Sb; Sur, M (1 August 1995). "An emergent model of orientation selectivity in cat visual cortical simple cells". The Journal of Neuroscience. 15 (8): 5448–5465. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-08-05448.1995. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6577625. PMID 7643194.
  47. ↑ Schummers, James; Mariño, Jorge; Sur, Mriganka (December 2002). "Synaptic Integration by V1 Neurons Depends on Location within the Orientation Map". Neuron. 36 (5): 969–978. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01012-7. hdl:2183/237. PMID 12467599.
  48. ↑ Mariño, Jorge; Schummers, James; Lyon, David C; Schwabe, Lars; Beck, Oliver; Wiesing, Peter; Obermayer, Klaus; Sur, Mriganka (February 2005). "Invariant computations in local cortical networks with balanced excitation and inhibition". Nature Neuroscience. 8 (2): 194–201. doi:10.1038/nn1391. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 15665876.
  49. ↑ Runyan, Caroline A.; Schummers, James; Van Wart, Audra; Kuhlman, Sandra J.; Wilson, Nathan R.; Huang, Z. Josh; Sur, Mriganka (September 2010). "Response Features of Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons Suggest Precise Roles for Subtypes of Inhibition in Visual Cortex". Neuron. 67 (5): 847–857. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.006. PMC 2948796. PMID 20826315.
  50. ↑ Wilson, Nathan R.; Runyan, Caroline A.; Wang, Forea L.; Sur, Mriganka (16 August 2012). "Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo". Nature. 488 (7411): 343–348. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..343W. doi:10.1038/nature11347. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3653570. PMID 22878717.
  51. ↑ El-Boustani, Sami; Sur, Mriganka (11 December 2014). "Response-dependent dynamics of cell-specific inhibition in cortical networks in vivo". Nature Communications. 5 (1) 5689. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5689E. doi:10.1038/ncomms6689. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4268659. PMID 25504329.
  52. ↑ Rikhye, Rajeev V.; Yildirim, Murat; Hu, Ming; Breton-Provencher, Vincent; Sur, Mriganka (20 October 2021). "Reliable Sensory Processing in Mouse Visual Cortex through Cooperative Interactions between Somatostatin and Parvalbumin Interneurons". The Journal of Neuroscience. 41 (42): 8761–8778. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3176-20.2021. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 8528503. PMID 34493543.
  53. ↑ Chen, Simon X; Kim, An Na; Peters, Andrew J; Komiyama, Takaki (August 2015). "Subtype-specific plasticity of inhibitory circuits in motor cortex during motor learning". Nature Neuroscience. 18 (8): 1109–1115. doi:10.1038/nn.4049. ISSN 1097-6256. PMC 4519436. PMID 26098758.
  54. ↑ Breton-Provencher, Vincent; Sur, Mriganka (February 2019). "Active control of arousal by a locus coeruleus GABAergic circuit". Nature Neuroscience. 22 (2): 218–228. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0305-z. ISSN 1097-6256. PMC 6385895. PMID 30643295.
  55. ↑ Breton-Provencher, Vincent; Drummond, Gabrielle T.; Feng, Jiesi; Li, Yulong; Sur, Mriganka (23 June 2022). "Spatiotemporal dynamics of noradrenaline during learned behaviour". Nature. 606 (7915): 732–738. Bibcode:2022Natur.606..732B. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04782-2. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 9837982. PMID 35650441.
  56. ↑ Breton-Provencher, Vincent; Drummond, Gabrielle T.; Sur, Mriganka (7 June 2021). "Locus Coeruleus Norepinephrine in Learned Behavior: Anatomical Modularity and Spatiotemporal Integration in Targets". Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 15 638007. doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.638007. ISSN 1662-5110. PMC 8215268. PMID 34163331.
  57. ↑ Schummers, James; Yu, Hongbo; Sur, Mriganka (20 June 2008). "Tuned Responses of Astrocytes and Their Influence on Hemodynamic Signals in the Visual Cortex". Science. 320 (5883): 1638–1643. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1638S. doi:10.1126/science.1156120. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18566287.
  58. ↑ Chen, Naiyan; Sugihara, Hiroki; Sharma, Jitendra; Perea, Gertrudis; Petravicz, Jeremy; Le, Chuong; Sur, Mriganka (9 October 2012). "Nucleus basalis-enabled stimulus-specific plasticity in the visual cortex is mediated by astrocytes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (41): E2832-41. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E2832C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206557109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3478642. PMID 23012414.
  59. ↑ "Astrocytic modulation of population encoding in mouse visual cortex via GABA transporter 3 revealed by multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing". eLife. 14 RP107298. Jiho Park, Grayson O Sipe, Xin Tang, Prachi Ojha, Giselle Fernandes, Yi Ning Leow, Caroline Zhang, Yuma Osako, Arundhati Natesan, Gabrielle T Drummond, Rudolf Jaenisch, Mriganka Sur. 30 September 2025. doi:10.7554/eLife.107298. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 12483508. PMID 41025215.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  60. ↑ Perea, Gertrudis; Yang, Aimei; Boyden, Edward S.; Sur, Mriganka (6 February 2014). "Optogenetic astrocyte activation modulates response selectivity of visual cortex neurons in vivo". Nature Communications. 5 (1) 3262. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3262P. doi:10.1038/ncomms4262. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4075037. PMID 24500276.
  61. ↑ Sipe, Grayson O.; Petravicz, Jeremy; Rikhye, Rajeev V.; Garcia, Rodrigo; Mellios, Nikolaos; Sur, Mriganka (July 2021). "Astrocyte glutamate uptake coordinates experience-dependent, eye-specific refinement in developing visual cortex". Glia. 69 (7): 1723–1735. doi:10.1002/glia.23987. ISSN 0894-1491. PMC 8415121. PMID 33675674.
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