Niçard dialect

Niçard
niçard/nissart/niçart
Pronunciation[niˈsaʀt]
Native toFrance, Monaco
RegionCounty of Nice, Monaco
Latin
Official status
Regulated byConselh de la Lenga Occitana (classic orthography) / Félibrige (Mistralian orthography)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottolognica1249
Linguasphere51-AAA-gd
IETFoc-nicard
  Niçard in today's Alpes-Maritimes department, according to Dalbera

Niçard (Classical orthography), nissart/Niçart (Mistralian orthography, IPA: [niˈsaʀt]), niçois (/niːˈswɑː/ nee-SWAH, French: [niswa] ⓘ), or nizzardo (Italian: [nitˈtsardo]) is the dialect that was historically spoken in the city of Nice, in France, and in a few surrounding communes. Niçard is generally considered a subdialect of Provençal, itself a dialect of Occitan. Some Italian irredentists have claimed it as a Ligurian dialect.

Most residents of Nice and its region no longer speak Niçard, and the very few[quantify] who do are fully bilingual in French as Niçard has lost its function of a vernacular language decades ago.[according to whom?] Nonetheless, today there is a developing revival of the use of the language. Some local television news is presented in Niçard (with French subtitles) and street signs in the old town of Nice are written in the dialect as well as in French. The Niçard song Nissa La Bella is often regarded as the "anthem" of Nice.

Writing system

Niçard is written using two forms:

An Italian orthography was abandoned when Nice joined the French Empire in 1861. It was briefly reinstated in 1942 and 1943 when Italy occupied and administered the city.

Orthography Comparison (from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
English Classical Mistralian
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Toti li persona naisson liuri e egali en dignitat e en drech. Son dotadi de rason e de consciéncia e li cau agir entre eli emb un esperit de frairesa. Touti li persouna naisson lib(e)ri e egali en dignità e en drech. Soun doutadi de rasoun e de counsciència e li cau agì entre eli em' un esperit de frairesa.

Classification

The classifications of Occitan in dialects hesitate between defining Niçard as a specific dialect or including it in Maritime Provençal. Niçard shares some phonetical archaisms with Occitan areas as distant as Aranese, which is also using proparoxytone words. It also shares with Aranese quite a heavy influence of a neighbouring language (Catalan for Aranese, Italian for Niçard). Regional differences are broadly accepted by linguists and French national education authorities in Occitan. Domergue Sumien defined in his PhD thesis Occitan as a pluricentric language, and included Niçard among the seven regional standards to be taught. The French Ministry of National Education uses either “nissart-langue d’oc” or “occitan-langue d’oc nissart”.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Some Iberian scholars may alternatively classify Occitan as Iberian Romance.

References

  1. 1 2 Jean-Philippe Dalbéra. Les parlers des Alpes Maritimes: étude comparative, essai de reconstruction. London: Association Internationale d’Études Occitanes, 1994.
  2. ↑ Perala-Torriatte, Maiju Johanna; Sardou, Antoine-Léandre; Calvino, Jean-Baptiste (July 2019). BookPDF Available Grammaire de l'Idiome Niçois : accompagnée de nombreux éclaircissements historiques sur cet important dialecte de la langue d'Oc et précédée d'un exposé du vrai système orthographique de ce dialecte. Authentic Vegan Publishing. ISBN 978-952-69265-1-3.
  3. ↑ Maiju, Johanna (July 2019). "Grammaire de l'Idiome Niçois : accompagnée de nombreux éclaircissements historiques sur cet important dialecte de la langue d'Oc et précédée d'un exposé du vrai système orthographique de ce dialecte".
  4. ↑ Gubbins, Paul; Holt, Mike, eds. (2002). Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-555-1.
  5. ↑ Panicacci, Jean-Louis (1986). "Un journal irrédentiste sous l'Occupation : Il Nizzardo". Cahiers de la Méditerranée. 33 (1): 143–158. doi:10.3406/camed.1986.990.
  6. ↑ Barberis, Francesco (1871). Nizza italiana di Francesco Barberis: raccolta di varie poesie italiane e nizzarde : corredate di note (in Italian). Tip. Sborgi e Guarnieri.
  7. ↑ Domergu Sumien. “Classificacion dei dialèctes occitans”, Lingüistica occitana 7, 2009 "online" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ↑ Defence in 2004. Published as La standardisation pluricentrique de l’occitan. Nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie. Turnhout: Brepols. 2006
  9. ↑ Klingebiel, Kathryn (2008-01-01). "Domergue Sumien. La Standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan. Nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie". Language Problems and Language Planning. 32 (3): 293–296. doi:10.1075/lplp.32.3.13kli. ISSN 0272-2690.
  10. ↑ Baiget, Aitor Carrera (2008-01-12). "Sumien, D. La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan. Nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie". Llengua i ús: revista tècnica de política lingüística (in Catalan): 83–91. ISSN 2013-052X.
  11. ↑ "Arrêté du 13 janvier 2004 relatif à la liste des académies et des territoires d'outre-mer dans lesquels peuvent être subies certaines épreuves de langues vivantes à la session 2004 du baccalauréat général et du baccalauréat technologique - Légifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  12. ↑ "Arrêté du 23 janvier 2006 relatif à la liste des académies et collectivités dans lesquelles peuvent être subies certaines épreuves de langues vivantes à la session 2006 du baccalauréat général et du baccalauréat technologique - Légifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2024-11-22.

Sources