Polyneoptera
| Polyneoptera | |
|---|---|
 | |
| All polyneoptera extant orders:
row 1: Zoraptera, Dermaptera | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Clade: | Pancrustacea |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Clade: | Dicondylia |
| Subclass: | Pterygota |
| Infraclass: | Neoptera |
| Cohort: | Polyneoptera Martynov, 1923 |
| Orders | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The cohort Polyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects, comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no pupa, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages; their metamorphosis is deemed "incomplete". Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).
When Carl Linnaeus started applying binomial names to animals in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758, he recognized relatively few animal species, and consequently relatively few groups that encompassed these species. As more and more new species were discovered, described and named, and importantly, their differences recognised and codified, the original groups proposed by Linnaeus were split up and/or expanded. The group of insects now recognized as being polyneopterans were, by Linnaeus, considered to belong within the genus Gryllus; the modern definition of this genus is restricted to species of closely related crickets, but in Linnaeus' original definition the genus contained crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, katydids / bush crickets (Tettigoniidae), stick insects, and praying mantises. These groups, along with the cockroaches, which Linnaeus considered as distinct,[clarification needed] are all polyneopteran insects. The recently recognized order Mantophasmatodea is also included within Polyneoptera.
Taxonomy
Extant
The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:
- Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, etc.)
- Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
- Clade Haplocercata
- Order Dermaptera (earwigs)
- Order Zoraptera (angel insects)
- Superorder Dictyoptera
- Superorder Mecynoptera
- Clade Eukinolabia
- Order Embioptera (web-spinners)
- Order Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects)
- Clade Notoptera/Xenonomia
- Order Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers)
- Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)
- Clade Eukinolabia
Fossil
The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera:
- Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives)
- †Caloneurodea
- †Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida)
- †Geraroptera
- †Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic
- order Incertae sedis
- family †Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911
- family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890
- family †Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
- family †Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885
- genus †Chenxiella Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009
- genus †Lobeatta Béthoux, 2005
- genus †Longzhua Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011
- genus †Nectoptilus Béthoux, 2005
- genus †Sinopteron Prokop & Ren, 2007
- Stem-group Phasmatodea
- †family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968
- †family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980
- †family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918
- †family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968
- †family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928
- Stem-group Dermaptera
- †"Grylloblattida" (Stem-group Grylloblattodea?)
- †Eoblattida
- †Paoliida
- †Protorthoptera
- † family Magicivenidae
Phylogeny
The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019:
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Phylogeny after Wang et al. 2026
| Polyneoptera |
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See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Martynov, A. V. (1923). "О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых" [On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects]. Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922: 88–89.
- ↑ Entomology Endopterygota. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ↑ Carl Linnaeus (1758). Systema Naturae (10th ed.). Stockholm.
- ↑ Nichols, S.W. (1989)The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology. New York Entomological Society, New York.
- ↑ Terry, Matthew D.; Whiting, Michael F. (20 June 2005). "Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects". Cladistics. 21 (3): 240–257. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x. ISSN 0748-3007.
- 1 2 David Eades. "Polyneoptera". Polyneoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ↑ Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006). "Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)". American Museum Novitates (3539): 1–10. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.J. (2021). "A new representative of the "orthopteroid" insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3): 641–646. doi:10.4202/app.00879.2021.
- ↑ Aristov, D. (2014). "Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa". Far Eastern Entomologist. 277: 1–46.
- ↑ Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 247 (3): 353–381. Bibcode:2008NJGPA.247..353D. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.
- ↑ Jakub Prokop; Wieslaw Krzemiński; Ewa Krzemińska; Thomas Hörnschemeyer; Jan-Michael Ilger; Carsten Brauckmann; Philippe Grandcolas; André Nel (2014). "Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (5): 601–622. Bibcode:2014JSPal..12..601P. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.823468. S2CID 84407734.
- ↑ Yang, Hongru; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Ren, Dong; Gao, Taiping (January 2022). Labandeira, Conrad (ed.). "Early Cretaceous enigmatic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (1) e1402. Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1402Y. doi:10.1002/spp2.1402. ISSN 2056-2799.
- ↑ Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024–3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116. PMC 6386694. PMID 30642969.
- ↑ Wang, Yehao; Tihelka, Erik; Kočárek, Petr; Engel, Michael S.; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Yin, Zi-Wei; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Huang, Diying; Pisani, Davide; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Cai, Chenyang (17 June 2026). B Team, The Proceedings; Johannes Albert Hahn, Georg; Dall, Sasha (eds.). "Phylogenomics resolves the century-old 'Zoraptera problem': Zoraptera as the earliest diverging lineage of Polyneoptera". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 293 (2073). doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.3174. hdl:1983/c59e360a-c9dc-41fd-aae5-7d0056c4ed36. ISSN 1471-2954.
External links
Media related to Polyneoptera at Wikimedia Commons
