Procolophonomorpha

Procolophonomorphs
Temporal range: Gzhelian - Late Triassic, 306–201.3 Ma
Kapes bentoni (Procolophonidae)
Scutosaurus (Pareiasauria)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Subclass: †Parareptilia
Order: †Procolophonomorpha
Romer, 1964
Subgroups

Procolophonomorpha is a proposed order containing most groups included within the traditional "Parareptilia," a grouping of stem reptiles that is now considered polyphyletic. Procolophonomorpha constitutes a diverse assemblage that includes several lizard-like forms, and more diverse types such as the pareiasaurs, which were considered to be turtle ancestors by earlier studies. Still, this view is no longer considered likely, and there is both molecular and fossil (Pappochelys) evidence for the origin of turtles among diapsid, and more specifically archosauromorph reptiles. The validity of Procolophonomorpha as defined has been debated by recent studies.

Classification

Many papers have applied various definitions to the name, though most of these definitions have since been considered synonymous with clades such as Ankyramorpha and Procolophonia. The current definition of Procolophonomorpha, as defined by Modesto, Scott, & Reisz (2009), is that of a stem-based group containing Procolophon and all taxa more closely related to it than Milleretta.

The following cladogram is simplified after the phylogenetic analysis of MacDougall and Reisz (2014) and shows the placement of Procolophonomorpha within Parareptilia and its interrelationships. Relationships within bolded terminal clades are not shown.

Parareptilia

References

  1. ↑ Modesto, Sean P.; Scott, Diane M.; Reisz, Robert R. (January 2009). "A new parareptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Permian of South Africa". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 46 (1). NRC Research Press: 9–20. Bibcode:2009CaJES..46....9M. doi:10.1139/E09-001. ISSN 0008-4077.
  2. ↑ Lee, Michael S. Y. (1995). "Historical Burden In Systematics And The Interrelationships Of 'Parareptiles'". Biological Reviews. 70 (3): 459–547. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1995.tb01197.x. ISSN 1469-185X.
  3. ↑ Lee, Michael S. Y. (1996). "The Homologies and Early Evolution of the Shoulder Girdle in Turtles". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 263 (1366). Royal Society: 111–117. ISSN 0962-8452. JSTOR 50458.
  4. ↑ LEE, MICHAEL S. Y. (1997-07-01). "Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (3): 197–280. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01279.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  5. ↑ Jenkins, Xavier A.; Peecook, Brandon R.; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Buffa, Valentin; Benoit, Julien; Browning, Claire; Fernandez, Vincent; Dollman, Kathleen; Gomes, Timothy W.; McGaughey, Gary A.; Marchant, Cy J.; Fitch, Adam J.; Day, Michael O.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Benson, Roger B. J. (2026-06-08). "The phylogenetic origin of turtles". Current Biology. 36 (11). Elsevier: 2907–2917.e2. Bibcode:2026CBio...36.2907J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.04.070. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 42208530.
  6. ↑ Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". Science Advances. 8 (33) eabq1898. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Bibcode:2022SciA....8.1898S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885.
  7. ↑ Debraga, Michael; Reisz, Robert R. (1996-09-19). "The Early Permian reptile Acleistorhinus pteroticus and its phylogenetic position". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (3). Taylor & Francis: 384–395. Bibcode:1996JVPal..16..384D. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011328. ISSN 0272-4634.
  8. ↑ MacDougall, Mark J.; Reisz, Robert R. (2014-11-01). "The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (3): 616–630. doi:10.1111/zoj12180. ISSN 0024-4082.
  9. ↑ Mark J. MacDougall and Robert R. Reisz (2014). "The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (3): 616–630. doi:10.1111/zoj.12180.