Adler, Peter H.; Currie, Douglas C.; Wood, D.Monty (2004). The black flies (simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press. ISBN978-0801424984.
Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. Vol.2nd Edition. CRC Press. ISBN0-8493-0212-9.
Curran, Charles H. (1934). The families and genera of North American Diptera. New York, NY: The Ballou Press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6825.
McAlpine, J.F.; Petersen, B.V.; Shewell, G.E.; Teskey, H.J.; etal. (1987). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Research Branch Agriculture Canada. ISBN978-0660121253.