Qabala (Azerbaijani: Qəbələ) is a city and the administrative centre of the Qabala District of Azerbaijan. The municipality consists of the city of Gabala and the village of Küsnat. Before the city was known as Kutkashen, but after the Republic of Azerbaijan's independence, the town was renamed in honour of the much older city of Gabala, the former capital of Caucasian Albania, the archaeological site of which is about 20km southwest.
History
Antiquity
Gabala was once the ancient capital of Caucasian Albania. Archaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of Caucasian Albania as early as the 4th century BC. There are the ruins of the ancient city and the main gate of Caucasian Albania. Ongoing excavations near the village of Chukhur show that Gabala from the 4th – 3rd centuries BC and up to the 18th century was one of the main cities with developed trade and crafts. The ruins of the ancient town are situated 15km from the regional centre, allocated on the territory between the Garachay and Jourluchay rivers.
Gabala was on the Silk Road, and was mentioned by Pliny the Younger as "Cabalaca", Greek geographer Ptolemy as "Khabala", Armenian geographer Anania Shirakatsi as "Kavalak", and 9th century historian al-Baladhuri as "al-Khazar". Until occupation by Shirvanshahs, it was ruled by a local Caucasian Albanian family, whose last known member was Abd al-Barr ibn Anbasa.
Medieval era
Gabala was occupied by ShirvanshahFariburz, King David IV of Georgia in 1120; Turco-Mongol conqueror Timurleng in 1386; and Safavid shah Tahmasib I in 1538, Afshar Nader Shah in 1734 but was able to preserve its culture and identity. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, the region split into independent khanates and sultanates, and Gabala was known as the Qutqashen Sultanate. It was also called Gabala Mahali until it was absorbed into the Sheki Khanate. In 1823, after the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813), Azerbaijan was annexed from the Persian Empire by the Russian Empire of 1813. In 1841 the khanates of the region were terminated, and the territories were incorporated into Russian governorates. The Gabala area was added to the Elisabethpol Governorate. Due to archaeological finds in Gabala, it was declared a National State Reserve in 1985.
Geography
The geographical position and mountainous relief of the city greatly influenced the formation of complex climate conditions in the vertical droughty area, as well as the density of the river network and richness of soil-vegetation cover. Relief and humid climate conditions of the Gabala region led to the formation of a thick river network in the area. The rivers of the city refer to the left branches of the Kura basin and run directly into the Kura or the rivers of the Shirvan zone.
The Baku-Gabala-Baku route is a high-speed rail line in Azerbaijan that connects the capital city of Baku with the city of Gabala. The train is operated by Azerbaijan Railways (ADY).
Railway in Qabala
Climate
Qabala has a humid continental climate (Dfa) close to the borderline of the humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The climate of Qabala is warm-temperate with dry winters in low areas, cold and damp in high mountains, and the annual precipitation is 500–600mm in the south and up to 1600mm in the northern high mountains.
Azerbaijan
