Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá

Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá
Catedral de Sal
La Creación del Hombre, sculpture by Carlos Enrique Rodríguez
(Based in The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo), Central Barrel vault
Religion
AffiliationRoman Catholic
DioceseDiocese of Zipaquirá
Location
LocationZipaquirá, Colombia
Interactive map of Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá
Architecture
TypeChurch
Completed1950

The Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá (Spanish: Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá) is an underground Roman Catholic church built within the tunnels of a salt mine 200 metres (660 ft) underground in a halite mountain near the city of Zipaquirá, in Cundinamarca, Colombia. It is a tourist destination and place of pilgrimage in the country.

The temple at the bottom has three sections, representing the birth, life, and death of Jesus. The icons, ornaments and architectural details are hand carved in the halite rock. Some marble sculptures are included. The cathedral is considered one of the most notable achievements of Colombian architecture, being described as a "Jewel of Modern Architecture". The cathedral represents a valuable cultural, environmental and religious patrimony for the Colombian people.

The cathedral is a functioning church that receives as many as 3,000 visitors on Sundays, but it has no bishop and therefore no official status as a cathedral in Catholicism.

Geology

Zipaquirá is located in the Cordillera Oriental (Colombia), which is one of the three primary ranges that compose the Colombian Andes. This particular range, situated in the easternmost region, is bounded by high-angle reverse fault that dip towards the west. In terms of stratigraphy, the area consists of Paleozoic bedrock that is unconformably overlain by Jurassic and Cretaceous units, spanning a total of 12,000 meters. Additionally, there are salt-bearing deposits within these Mesozoic units, followed by Cenozoic strata that extend to a height of 1,500 meters in the highlands.

Cretaceous aged rock is most represented by the Villeta Group, which records extensive periods of marine deposition by creating alternating organic-laden shales, evaporitic pelagic limestone, and chert. The Chipaque Formation, which is the uppermost unit within the Villeta Group, contains various mineral deposits, such as pyrite, hematite, and bedded salt deposits. High bromine content found within the halitic salt supports a marine origin. laminated halite textures, cross-bedding, and claystone clasts, suggests sedimentary bedding of the halite as opposed to a diapric origin. The salt rock generally exhibits intense structural deformation which can be attributed to compressional tectonics present throughout the Andes. The positioning of the Zipaquirá salt presently is within a high-angle reverse fault along an anticlinal crest. It is believed that the salt-rich claystone experienced lateral plastic flow as a result of overburden loading and compressional stresses leading to changes in the lithostatic pressure gradient and subsequent flowage along the anticline plane.

The Zipaquirá mine was once part of three operating salt mines in the region of bedded rock salt, the other two being Nemocón and Upín (located near Restrepo, Meta, Colombia). All three mines lay within the same lithological unit and have compositionally similar halite with minor variations in the trace element composition ­­­but have different structural features.

Anhydrite deposits are also present but not in abundance. Beds range only a meter thick and is associated with brecciated claystone. Ultimately enclosed by the salt-bearing strata, the anhydrite-claystone deposits do not extend laterally in the mine, at most 70 meters in areas. Fine-grained anhydrite sand grains are deposited from erosion via groundwater through the evaporite deposits forming fractures where leached anhydrite can concentrate. In July 1968, anhydrite in the southwestern part of the Zipaquirá mine collapsed, forming a surface lake overlying the collapsed cavern. Anhydrite sand has appreciable concentrations of sulfur, suggesting the bacterial reduction of anhydrite, a sulfate-based mineral.

Location

The complex is located in Zipaquirá, in Cundinamarca Department, 49 kilometres (30 mi) north of Bogotá, at 2,652 metres (8,701 ft) altitude. National highway 45A connects Bogotá and Zipaquirá, as does the Tren Turistico De La Sabana (Savanna tourist train). The city is recognized, not only for the cathedral, but for being near one of the oldest human settlements in the Americas, El Abra archaeological site.

History

The halite mines were exploited already by the pre-Columbian Muisca culture since the 5th century BC, with it being one of their most important economic activities. The traditional halite mining was described by Alexander von Humboldt during his visit to Zipaquira in 1801. He depicts this deposit as bigger than the main halite mines of the time, such as those in Spain, Switzerland, Poland and the County of Tyrol with a calculated resource estimation of one million cubic meters. Von Humboldt also criticized the excavation techniques as being unpractical for future exploitation, recommending drift mining instead, since the halite tunnels don't require beams, lowering the costs.

Old cathedral

Main altar of the old cathedral, with cross

Years before the underground church was built (around 1932), the miners had carved a sanctuary, as a place for their daily prayers asking for protection to the saints before starting to work. In 1950, the construction of a bigger project had begun: the Salt Cathedral which was inaugurated on August 15, 1954, and dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary, Patron saint of miners. It was compound of three naves and a monumental cross. Part of the galleries were actually carved by the ancient Muisca. However, as the church was carved inside an active mine, structural problems and safety concerns led the authorities to shut it in September 1992. This construction cost of the original church was over 285 million U.S. dollars. The building had 120 m  length, 5.500 m2 surface and 22 m  height. It had six main columns, and a maximum capacity of 8000 people.

The main nave included the monumental cross, which was illuminated from the base up, projecting a large cross-shaped shadow in the ceiling. The right nave included the Stations of the Cross icons and the Rosary chapel, with the Virgin of Rosary Icon (sculpted by Daniel Rodriguez Moreno and later transported to the new cathedral). The left nave included the icons of the birth of Jesus and the baptism of Jesus, with a waterfall symbolising the Jordan River.

New cathedral

Main altar in the new cathedral with cross and angel sculpture.

The Industrial Investment Institute, together with Salinas Concession and the Colombian Society of Architects opened a contest for the design of the new cathedral, the winner of which was the project presented by Roswell Garavito Pearl which included structural changes in the access tunnel and the dome.

In 1991 the construction of a new cathedral was undertaken, 200.0 feet under the older one. This new Cathedral was inaugurated on December 16, 1995. Its various corridors and sanctuaries were achieved by making small but significant additions to the caves left behind by previous mining operations.

The main sections of the building are:

  • The Stations of the Cross: At the entrance of the church, there are 14 small chapels, representing the Stations of the Cross, which illustrate the events of Jesus' last journey. Each station has a cross and several kneeling platforms carved into the halite structure.
  • The Dome: Located at the end of the main descending entrance ramp. From here, the visitor descends to the bas relief cross chambers, the balcony and the Narthex labyrinth.
  • The three naves: They are interconnected by a crack, symbolising the birth and death of Christ. Copies of Creation of Adam and Pietá can be seen.

Four large cylindric columns represent the Four Evangelists

The cathedral has an electrical generator and access for vehicles to the inner space (for emergencies only).

Salt Park

Holy Family sculpture.

The cathedral is within a larger complex, Parque de la Sal (Salt Park), which also includes a museum of mining, mineralogy, geology and natural resources. The Salt Park covers an area of 32 hectares (79 acres). Visitors can observe pieces of art, depictions of the mining process, geology displays, educational exhibitions about environmental friendly mining and sustainable development

The main places at the park are:

Water "Mirror".

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Obras del Maestro Carlos Enrique Rodríguez Arango en la Catedral de Sal", Taller de las Artes: Bogotá, Sitio Oficial
  2. ↑ Cala, Bibiana, 2000: Los relatos populares reactivados por la institución social del turismo: el caso de Zipaquirá y Nemocón. Monografía de tesis. Universidad de Los Andes. Bogotá
  3. ↑ El nuevo Diario. Brújula para leer. Zipaquirá Archived 2009-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Las 7 maravillas de Colombia. Zipaquirá Colombia. Terra Viajes
  5. ↑ Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca CAR. Catedral de sal de Zipaquirá entre las siete maravillas de Colombia. [permanent dead link]
  6. ↑ "Church Services". Catedral de Sal. Archived from the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-01-22. For pastoral and administrative reasons, we inform that only the sacraments of the Eucharist and confession are administered in The Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá (No wedngs are performed, or baptisms etc.).
  7. 1 2 McLaughlin, Donald; Arce Herrera, Marino (1970). "Economic geology of the Zipaquira quadrangle and adjoining area, Department of Cundinamarca, Colombia". United States Geological Survey. USGS Publications Warehouse. Retrieved 11/6/26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  8. 1 2 Cardale de Schrimpff, Marianne, Breve informe sobre unas excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en las salinas de Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, in: Boletín Museo del Oro Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, Banco de la República, Colombia Archived 2009-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, No. 1, enero-abril de 1978, p. 39-41
  9. ↑ Garcia, Helbert; Jimenez, Giovanni (August 2016). "Transverse zones controlling the structural evolution of the Zipaquira Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia): Regional implications". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 69 (August 2016): 243–258. Bibcode:2016JSAES..69..243G. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2016.04.002.
  10. ↑ Zong, Jingjing; Robert, Stewart; Dyaur, Nikolay; Myers, Michael (August 11, 2019). "Elastic properties of rock salt: Laboratory measurements and Gulf of Mexico well-log analysis". Geology. 82 (5).
  11. ↑ Correal Urrego, Gonzalo; Van der Hammen, Thomas and Lerman, J.C., 1970: "Artefactos líticos de abrigos en El Abra, Colombia"; Revista Colombiana de Antropología 14: 9-46
  12. ↑ Zipaquira Salt Cathedral Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Langebaek, Carl H., 1987: Mercados, poblamiento e integración étnica entre los muiscas —siglo XVI. Banco de la República, Bogotá
  14. 1 2 Von Humboldt, Alexander, 2003: "Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá", Ed. Epígrafe, con el respaldo de Colciencias, referenciado por Fundación Editorial Epígrafe Archived 2008-12-16 at the Wayback Machine, Colombia
  15. ↑ Información suministrada por la Catedal de Sal, Coordinación Comercial, Zipaquirá, Colombia
  16. ↑ Historia del Parque de la Sal, En: Catedral de Sal, Zipaquirá, Colombia[permanent dead link]
  17. ↑ Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá

5°01′08″N 74°00′33″W / 5.01876°N 74.0093°W / 5.01876; -74.0093