Scaphander

Scaphander is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the canoe bubbles.

(Described as Meloscaphander) The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slightly exserted spire. The aperture is large but shorter than the shell, and the columella is moderately curved and thick. The surface is sculpted with rows of spiral pits.

(Described as Scaphander (Sabatina) ) In most, if not all, species of this proposed subgenus, the callosity on the body does not form a distinct "fold." Instead, it appears as an amorphous mass, which sometimes may be granular, smooth, or occasionally tubercular in texture. While the typical fossil species seems to have an interiorly produced callus, the recent species differ notably from Bellardi’s fossil. They not only lack the same callus characteristics but also exhibit a globose shell shape rather than the pyriform shape seen in the fossil. For these globose recent species, I propose the name Sabatina, with Scaphander sabatina planeticus Dall, 1908 as the type. These species possess an animal capable of fully retracting into the shell, with gastroliths identical to those found in Scaphander lignarius.

Species within the genus Scaphander include:

Species brought into synonymy

• Scaphander alatus''Dall, 1895: synonym of Scaphander mundus Watson, 1883
• † Scaphander alaskensis Clark 1932: synonym of † Acila gettysburgensis alaskensis (B. L. Clark, 1932)
• Scaphander attenuatus Schepman, 1913: synonym of Scaphander cancellatus E. von Martens, 1902 (junior subjective synonym)
• Scaphander bathymophilus Dall, 1881: synonym of Sabatia bathymophila (Dall, 1881) (superseded combination)
• Scaphander brownii Leach, 1852: synonym of Scaphander lignarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Scaphander cumingii A. Adams, 1862: synonym of Philine cumingii (A. Adams, 1862) (original combination)
• Scaphander cylindrellus Dall, 1908: synonym of Cylichnium cylindrellum (Dall, 1908) (original combination)
• † Scaphander duseni Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992: synonym of † Kaitoa duseni (Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992)
• Scaphander fragilis (Habe, 1952): synonym of Eoscaphander fragilis Habe, 1952
• Scaphander gibbulus Jeffreys, 1856: synonym of Weinkauffia gibbula (Jeffreys, 1856): synonym of Weinkauffia turgidula (Forbes, 1844) (original combination)
• Scaphander giganteus Risso, 1826: synonym of Scaphander lignarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Scaphander japonicus Adams, 1862: synonym of Nipponoscaphander japonicus (A. Adams, 1862) (superseded combination, original combination)
• Scaphander librarius Lovén, 1846: synonym of Scaphander punctostriatus (Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842)
• Scaphander loisae Bullis, 1956: synonym of Scaphander bathymophilus (Dall, 1881)
• Scaphander mulitstriata Brazier, 1877: synonym of Scaphander multistriatus Brazier, 1877: synonym of Scaphander japonicus A. Adams, 1862 (incorrect gender of species epithet)
• Scaphander multistriatus Brazier, 1877: synonym of Scaphander japonicus A. Adams, 1862
• Scaphander niveus R. B. Watson, 1883: synonym of Sabatia nivea (R. B. Watson, 1883) (original combination)
• Scaphander pilsbryi McGinty, 1955: synonym of Scaphander darius Marcus & Marcus, 1967
• Scaphander pustulosus Dall, 1895: synonym of Sabatia pustulosa Dall, 1895 (original combination)
• Scaphander robustus Okutani, 1966: synonym of Sabatia robusta (Okutani, 1966) (superseded combination)
• Scaphander sibogae (Schepman, 1913): synonym of Scaphander attenuatus Schepman, 1913 (invalid: junior secondary homonym of Scaphander sibogae Schepman, 1913)
• Scaphander stigmatica Dall, 1927: synonym of Scaphander nobilis Verrill, 1884
• Scaphander subglobosa Schepman, 1913: synonym of Scaphander subglobosus Schepman, 1913 (original spelling; incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
• Scaphander subglobosus Schepman, 1913: synonym of Scaphander cancellatus E. von Martens, 1902
• Scaphander takedai (Habe, 1981): synonym of Sabatia takedai (Habe, 1981) (superseded combination)
• Scaphander targionius Risso, 1826: synonym of Scaphander lignarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Scaphander vicinus E. A. Smith, 1906: synonym of Scaphander mundus R. B. Watson, 1883 (junior subjective synonym)

• ZipCodeZoo
• Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979ISBN 0-00-216906-1

• Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER, José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114
• Siegwald, J., Oskars, T. R., Kano, Y. & Malaquias, M. A. E. (2022). A global phylogeny of the deep-sea gastropod family Scaphandridae (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): Redefinition and generic classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 169: 107415
• Eilertsen M.H. & Malaquias M.A. (2013). "Systematic revision of the genus Scaphander (Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) in the Atlantic Ocean, with a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167 (3): 389–429. doi:10.1111/zoj.12013.