List of rulers of Damascus

This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present.

General context: History of Damascus.

Aram Damascus

• Rezon I (c. 950 BC)
• Tabrimmon
• Ben-Hadad I (c. 885 BCE–c. 865 BC)
• Hadadezer (c. 865 BC–c. 842 BC)
• Hazael (c. 842 BC–c. 804 BC)
• Ben-Hadad III (c. 796 BC)
• Tab-El (c. 770 BC)
• Rezon II (c. 740 BC–732 BC)

Period of non-independence

• to Assyria (732 BC–609 BC)
  • Ilu-Ittia (c. 8th century BC)
• to Babylon (609 BC–539 BC)
• to Persian Achaemenid Empire (539 BC–332 BC)
• to Macedon (332 BC–323 BC)
• to Antigonids (323 BC–301 BC)
• to Ptolemaic Kingdom (301 BC–198 BC)
• to Seleucids (198 BC–167 BC)
• to Ituraea (167 BC–110 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
• to the Decapolis (110 BC–85 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
• to Nabataea (85 BC–64 BC)
• to the Roman Republic/Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire (64 BC–635)
  • to the Ghassanids (529–584; ?–635)

Rashidun period

• Khalid ibn al-Walid (635–636)
• Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah (636–637)
• Amr ibn al-Aas (637–640)
• Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan (640)
• Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640–661)

Umayyad period

• Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661–680)
• Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680–683)
• Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683–684)
• Marwan I ibn Hakam (684–685)
• Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705)
• al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik (705–715)
• Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik (715–717)
• Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717–720)
• Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik (720–724)
• Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724–743)
• al-Walid II ibn Yazid II (743–744)
• Yazid III ibn al-Walid (744)
• Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (744)
• Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira, 744–750)

Abbasid period

The governors of Damascus and Syria during the Abbasid era are:

• Abdallah ibn Ali (750–754)
• Salih ibn Ali (754)
• Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Abbasi (754–764)
• Al-Fadl ibn Salih (766–775)
• Abu Ja'far Harun ibn al-Mahdi (783–786)
• Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (c. 785)
• Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Imam (?–788)
• Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (c. 788–791)
• Musa ibn Isa (c. 792)
• Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (c. 792)
• Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (793–795)
• Ishaq ibn Isa ibn Ali (c. 795–?)
• Shu'ayb ibn Khazim (802–803)
• Ja'far ibn Yahya (803)
• Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (803–804)
• Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (804–805)
• Yahya ibn Mu'adh ibn Muslim (c. 806)
• Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba (807–809)
• Mansur ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (809–810)
• Ahmad ibn Sa'id al-Harashi (810)
• Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (810)
• Muhammad ibn Salih ibn Bayhas (813–823 or 824/825)
• Ma'yuf ibn Yahya ibn Ma'yuf al-Hamdani or Sadaqa ibn Uthman al-Murri (appointed by viceroy Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani) (825–?)
• Abu Ishaq Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (c. 828)
• Dinar ibn Abd Allah (c. 839)
• Muhammed ibn al-Jahm al-Sami (c. 839)
• Musa ibn Ibrahim al Rafiqi (c. 842)
• Rija ibn Ayyub al-Hadari (841–847)
• Malik ibn Tawk (847–850)
• Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad ibn al-Mutawakkil (850–855)
• al-Fath ibn Hakan al-Turki (856–861), deputy governor of Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad.
• Yunus ibn Tarja (c. 861)
• Isa ibn Muhammad al-Nawshari (861–866)
• Salih ibn al-Abbasi al-Turki (c. 866)
• Ahmad ibn Khalil al Shaybani (c. 866)
• Yamkjur al-Turki (c. 869)
• Asram al-Turki (c. 870)
• Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani, rebel governor (c. 870)
• Amajur al-Turki (870–878)

• Tulunid Egypt (877–904), Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate:
  • Ali ibn Amajur al-Turki (878)
  • Ahmad ibn Wasif
  • Tughj ibn Juff (896–905)

• Abbasid restoration:
  • Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (905–906)
  • al-Rashidi (928–931)
  • Muhammad ibn Tughj (931–935)

• Ikhshidid Egypt, (935–969), Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate:
  • Muhammad Ibn Ra'iq (939–942)
  • Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Shahrzuri (943–945)
  • Sayf al-Dawla (briefly in 945 and 947)

Fatimid emirs

• Abu Ali Ja'far ibn Fallah al-Kutami (970–971)

Qarmatian occupation of Damascus

• Zalim ibn Mauhab al-Ukayli (973–974)
• Jaysh ibn Muhammad (974)
• Rayn al-Mu'izzi (974)
• Alptakin al-Mu'izzi (975–978)
• Qassam al-Turab (978–983)

Fatimid recovery of Damascus

• Baltakin al-Turki (983)
• Bakjur (983–991)
• Ya'qub as-Saqlabi (991)
• Manjutakin (993–996)
• Sulayman ibn Fallah (996)
• Bishara al-Ikhshidi (997–998)
• Jaysh ibn Muhammad (998–1000)
• Sulayman ibn Fallah (1000–1002)
• Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Jafar (1002–1004)
• Abu Salih Muflih al-Lihyani (1004–1009)
• Hamid ibn Mulham (1009)
• Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1010–1011)
• Badr al-Attar (1011–1012)
• Abu Abdallah al-Muzahhir (1012–1014)
• Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ilyas (1015–1021)
• Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1021–1023)
• Shihab ad-Dawlah Shah Tegin (1023–1024)
• Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1024–1028)
• Anushtakin ad-Dizbari (1028–1041)
• Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1041–1048)
• Baha ad-Dawlah Takiq al-Saklabi (1048–1049)
• Rifq al-Khadim (1049)
• Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawlah (1049–1058)
• Makin ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn 'Ali (1058)
• Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1058–1060)
• Sebuq Tegin (1060)
• Muwaffaq ad-Dawlah Jauhar al-Mustansiri (1060–1061)
• Hasam ad-Dawlah ibn al-Bachinaki (1061)
• Uddat ad-Dawlah ibn al-Husein (1061)
• Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawla (1061–1063)
• Badr al-Jamali (1063)
• Hisn ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Mansur (1063–1067)
• Qutb ad-Din Baris Tegin (1068–1069)
• Hisn ad-Dawlah Mualla al-Kitami (1069–1071)
• Zain ad-Dawlah Intisar ibn Yahya al-Masmudi (1075–1076)

Seljuk, Burid and Zengid emirs

Ayyubid emirs

Some rulers of Damascus during Ayyubid era were also Sultans of Egypt, the emirs of Damascus of this era were:

• Saladin (1174–1186)
• Al-Afdal (1186–1196), Son of Saladin
• Al-Adil I (1196–1218)
• Al-Mu'azzam (1218–1227)
• An-Nasir Dawud (1227–1229)
• Al-Ashraf (1229–1237)
• As-Salih Ismail (1237)
• Al-Kamil (1237–1238)
• Al-Adil II (1238–1239)
• As-Salih Ayyub (1239)
• As-Salih Ismail (1239–1245)
• As-Salih Ayyub (1245–1249)
• Al-Muazzam Turanshah (1249–1250)
• An-Nasir Yusuf (1250–1260)

Mamluk na'ibs

• Sanjar as-Salihi (August/September 1260–October 1260)
• Taybars al-Waziri (October 1260–1264)
• Aqqush as-Salihi (1264–)
• Sunqur al-Ashqar (1279–1280)
• Lajin al-Ashqar (1280–?)
• Aqush Bey (c. 1290s)
• Izz ad-Din Aybak (?–1296)
• Shuja ad-Din Adirlu (1296–1297)
• Sayf ad-Din Kipchak (1297–1299)
• Aqqush al-Afram (1299–1309)
• Sayf ad-Din Tanqiz an-Nasiri (1312–1340)
• Yilbugha an-Nasiri (1340–1350)
• Sayf ad-Din Manjak (1350)
• Tash Timur (c. 1380)
• Yilbugha al-Nasiri (?–1393)
• Sayf ad-Din Tanibak (1393–1399)
• Sudun (1399–1400)
• occupied by Timur (1400–1401)
• Taghribirdi az-Zahiri (1401–?)
• Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq (1418–1420)
• Kijmas (c. 1470s)
• Ghazali Arab (c. 16th century)
• Sibai (c. 16th century)
• Shihab ad-Din Ahmad (1516–1517)
• Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)

Ottoman period

Twentieth century – present

See also

• Timeline of Damascus
• List of rulers of Aleppo

References

Bibliography

• Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985). Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575–1650. Beirut: American University of Beirut. ISBN 978-0-8156-6072-9. OCLC 242675094.
• Barbir, Karl K. (1980). Ottoman Rule in Damascus, 1708–1758. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400853205.
• Burns, Ross (2007), Damascus: A History, Routledge, ISBN 9781134488490
• Saliba, Najib E. (1978). "The Achievements of Midhat Pasha as Governor of the Province of Syria, 1878–1880". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 9 (3): 307–323. JSTOR 162767.