↑Walker, Frances (1852). Diptera. Part III, pp. 157-252, pls. 5-6. In [Saunders, W. W. (ed.)], Insecta Saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Sauders, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Vol. 1. London: Van Voorst. pp.1–474.
↑Harris, T.W. Insects. Pp. 553-602. In Hitchcock, E., Report on the geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology of Massachusetts. 2nd Edition. Amherst: J. S. & C. Adams. pp.[4] + 702 pp., 19 pls, 3 maps.