Trondheimsk

Trondheimsk
RegionTrondheim
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone

Trondheimsk (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪmsk]), Trondheim dialect or Trondheim Norwegian is a dialect of Norwegian used in Trondheim. It is a variety of Trøndersk.

Phonology

Consonants

  • /l/ is dental [l̪].
    • After short vowels, it is realized as an approximant, either palatal [ʎ] or palatalized dental [l̪ʲ].
    • When it occurs after a short vowel before a voiceless stop (particularly /t/), it is realized as a voiceless dental lateral continuant, described variously as an approximant [l̪̊] and a fricative [ɬ̪].
  • /r/ tends to be realized as a voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]. It is devoiced to [ʂ] before /p/ and /k/.

Vowels

  • /iː/ and /yː/ can be diphthongized to, respectively, [ie] and [ye].
  • /uː/ is diphthongized to [ue].
  • /eː, øː/ and /ɔː/ are diphthongized to, respectively, [eæ], [øæ] and [ɔ̝æ].
  • The schwa [ə] does not exist in the Trondheim dialect.
  • /æ, æː/ have the most open realization in all of Norway, i.e. open front [a, aː].
  • /ɑ, ɑː/ are fully back [ɑ, ɑː].
  • /ɑi/ has a back starting point [ɑi].

Tonemes

Phonetic realization

The tonemes of the Trondheim dialect are the same as those of the Oslo dialect; accent 1 is low-rising, whereas accent 2 is falling-rising.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Vanvik (1979), p. 36.
  2. 1 2 3 Kristoffersen (2000), p. 79.
  3. ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 14, 19.
  4. ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 18.
  5. ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 14, 17, 20.
  6. ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 21.
  7. ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 15.
  8. ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 16.
  9. ↑ Vanvik (1979), p. 23.
  10. ↑ Ophaug (2014), p. 59.

Bibliography

  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Ophaug, Wencke (2014), EXFAC Fonetikk og fonologi (PDF)
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6