Voiced uvular tap and flap

Voiced uvular tapped fricative
Voiced uvular tapped fricative
ʁ̆

Voiced uvular tap or flap
Voiced uvular tap or flap
ɢ̆
ʀ̆
IPA number	112 505
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɢ̆
Unicode (hex)	U+0262 U+0306
Image

A voiced uvular tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. There is no dedicated symbol for this sound in the IPA. It can specified by adding the extra-short diacritic to the letter for the uvular plosive, ⟨ɢ̆⟩, but it is also often covered by the unmodified letter for the uvular trill, ⟨ʀ⟩, since the two have never been reported to contrast and a uvular tap or flap is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language.

In some languages a uvular tap is reported is said to vary allophonically with a uvular trill, and is most likely a single-contact trill [ʀ̆] rather than an actual tap or flap [ɢ̆] in these languages.

Features

Features of a voiced uvular tap or flap:

Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch		rood	[ʀ̆oːt]	'red'	More common than a uvular trill. Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
English	Northumbrian	red	[ɢ̆ɛd]	'red'	Tap, or also a tapped fricative, most usually a plain fricative. See Northumbrian burr
German	Standard	Ehre	[ˈʔeːʀ̆ə]	'honor'	Common intervocalic realization of uvular trill. See Standard German phonology
Hiu		[βɔ̞ʀ̆]		'hibiscus'
Ibibio		ufʌkọ	[úfʌ̟̀ɢ̆ɔ̞]	'summary'	Intervocalic allophone of /k/; may be a velar approximant [ɰ] instead.
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect	weuren	[ˈβ̞øːʀ̆ən]	'(they) were'	Possible intervocalic allophone of /r/; may be alveolar [ɾ] instead. See Hasselt dialect phonology
Okanagan	Southern	ʕaləp	[ɢ̆àlə́p]	'lose'	Allophone of /ʕ/; corresponds to [ʕ] in other dialects.
Supyire		tadugugo	[taduɢ̆uɢ̆o]	'place to go up'	May be in free variation with [ɡ].
Wahgi		^{[example needed]}			Allophone of /ʟ̝/.
Yiddish	Standard	בריק	[bʀ̆ɪk]	'bridge'	Less commonly a trill [ʀ]; can be alveolar [ɾ ~ r] instead. See Yiddish phonology

Tapped fricative

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Northumbrian	red	[ʁ̆ɛd]	'red'	Tap, or also a tapped fricative, most usually a plain fricative. See Northumbrian burr
Scots		^{[example needed]}			Possible realization of /r/. Tapped fricative, also can be a trilled instead.

Notes

↑ Bruce Connell, Lower Cross Wordlist
↑ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 42, 199.
↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 42.
↑ Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2006). "A Shibboleth upon Their Tongues: Early English /r/ Revisited". Studia Anglica Posnaniensia. 42: 63–76. hdl:10593/2383.
↑ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
↑ Påhlsson, C. (1972) The Northumbrian Burr. Lund: Gleerup.
1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 46.
↑ François (2005), p. 44.
1 2 Urua (2004), p. 106.
1 2 Peters (2006), p. 118.
1 2 Kinkade (1967), p. 232.
1 2 Carlson (1994), p. 10.
1 2 Phillips (1976), p. ?.
1 2 Kleine (2003), p. 263.
↑ Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2006). "A Shibboleth upon Their Tongues: Early English /r/ Revisited". hdl:10593/2383. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
↑ Påhlsson, C. (1972) The Northumbrian Burr. Lund: Gleerup.
↑ Szpyra-Kozłowska, Jolanta (2018). "The rhotic in fake and authentic Polish-accented English". Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature. 42 (1): 81–102. doi:10.17951/lsmll.2018.42.1.81. ISSN 2450-4580.

References

Carlson, Robert (1994), A Grammar of Supyire, Walter de Gruyter
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages", Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754
Kinkade, M. Dale (1967), "Uvular-Pharyngeal Resonants in Interior Salish", International Journal of American Linguistics, 33 (3): 228–234, doi:10.1086/464965, S2CID 144719970
Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 261–265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Phillips, Donald J. (1976), Wahgi Phonology and Morphology, Australian National University, ISBN 9780858831414
Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550

[1] Bruce Connell, Lower Cross Wordlist

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees200342,_199-2] Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 42, 199.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees200342-3] Collins & Mees (2003), p. 42.

[4] Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2006). "A Shibboleth upon Their Tongues: Early English /r/ Revisited". Studia Anglica Posnaniensia. 42: 63–76. hdl:10593/2383.

[5] Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.

[6] Påhlsson, C. (1972) The Northumbrian Burr. Lund: Gleerup.

[FOOTNOTELodge200946-7] 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 46.

[FOOTNOTEFrançois200544-8] François (2005), p. 44.

[FOOTNOTEUrua2004106-9] 1 2 Urua (2004), p. 106.

[FOOTNOTEPeters2006118-10] 1 2 Peters (2006), p. 118.

[FOOTNOTEKinkade1967232-11] 1 2 Kinkade (1967), p. 232.

[FOOTNOTECarlson199410-12] 1 2 Carlson (1994), p. 10.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips1976?-13] 1 2 Phillips (1976), p. ?.

[FOOTNOTEKleine2003263-14] 1 2 Kleine (2003), p. 263.

[15] Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2006). "A Shibboleth upon Their Tongues: Early English /r/ Revisited". hdl:10593/2383. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[16] Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.

[17] Påhlsson, C. (1972) The Northumbrian Burr. Lund: Gleerup.

[18] Szpyra-Kozłowska, Jolanta (2018). "The rhotic in fake and authentic Polish-accented English". Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature. 42 (1): 81–102. doi:10.17951/lsmll.2018.42.1.81. ISSN 2450-4580.