Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris
Hallingmål-Valdris
Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål
Native to	Norway
Region	Hallingdal, Valdres
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Norwegian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
	Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres Valdres Hallingdal

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts of Hallingdal in Buskerud county and Valdres in Innlandet county.

Phonology

/rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ]) "the bar".
/rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].
The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang Municipality, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.
The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was. Sørbygdi in Flå Municipality pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].
The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol Municipality and Ål Municipality assimilated these to [l̥], and Sørbygdi in Flå Municipality assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].
The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.
The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].

The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.
The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål Municipality (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ]. In Valdres (except for Vang Municipality), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].
Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].
The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.
Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå Municipality, Nesbyen Municipality and some in Gol Municipality), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].
The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal) and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol Municipality, and Ål Municipality.

Personal pronouns
Person	Subjective case	Objective case	Dative case	Possessive
				Feminine				Masculine				Neuter
				Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative
				Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
1st p. sg.	[eː]	[meː]	[meː]	[miː]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪn]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪt]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]
2nd person sg.	[dʉː]	[deː]	[deː]	[diː]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪn]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪt]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]
3rd p. sg. f.	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ], [n]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]), [ˈhɛnˈnɛs]
3rd p. sg. m.	[han], [n]	[han], [n]	[huːnu], [u]	[has]
3rd p. sg. n.	[dɛ]	[dɛ]	[di]	[siː]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪn]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪt]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]
1st p. pl.	[meː], [mɞː]	[ʉs], [ɞs]	[ʉs], [ɞs]	[voːr]				[voʈ]		[ˈvoːˈre]					[ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl.	[deː], [dɞː]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]
3rd p. pl	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres]

↑ The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal Municipality (Valdres) don't speak Valdris, as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.
↑ It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal Municipality, Gol Municipality, and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.
1 2 The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
1 2 3 4 Only used in Valdres.
1 2 Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.
1 2 Only used in Hallingdal.
↑ These forms are used interchangeably, though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.
↑ Only used in Nord-Aurdal Municipality, Sør-Aurdal Municipality, and Etnedal Municipality.
1 2 Only used in Valdres, except for Vang Municipality.
1 2 3 Only used in Sør-Aurdal Municipality.
↑ In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.
1 2 3 Only used in Hol Municipality and Ål Municipality.

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
↑ Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
↑ Jahr 1990, p. 57.
↑ Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
1 2 3 Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
↑ Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
1 2 3 4 Jahr 1990, p. 58.
1 2 Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
1 2 Venås 1977, p. 36.
↑ Ross 1907, p. 20.
↑ Venås 1977, p. 16.
↑ Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
1 2 Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
↑ Venås 1977, p. 48.
1 2 3 Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
↑ Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
↑ Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
↑ Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
1 2 Jahr 1990, p. 56.
↑ Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
1 2 3 4 Ross 1907, p. 22.
↑ Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
↑ Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
1 2 3 4 Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
↑ Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
↑ Kvåle 1999, p. 34.
↑ Venås 1977, p. 129.