Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris
Halling, Hallingdøl, Valdresmål
Native toNorway
RegionHallingdal, Valdres
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres
  Valdres
  Hallingdal

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts of Hallingdal in Buskerud county and Valdres in Innlandet county.

Phonology

Consonants

  • /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ]) "the bar".
  • /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].
  • The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang Municipality, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.
  • The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was. Sørbygdi in Flå Municipality pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].
  • The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol Municipality and Ål Municipality assimilated these to [l̥], and Sørbygdi in Flå Municipality assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].
  • The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.
  • The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].

Vowels

  • The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.
  • The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål Municipality (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ]. In Valdres (except for Vang Municipality), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].
  • Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].
  • The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.
  • Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå Municipality, Nesbyen Municipality and some in Gol Municipality), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].
  • The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal) and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol Municipality, and Ål Municipality.

Grammar

Declension of nouns
Gender Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Dative Indefinite Definite Dative
Feminine Strong
(with i-
declension)		 [suːɽ][suːɽɛ][suːɳ][ˈsuːˈɽɛ],
[ˈsuːˈɽi]		[ˈsuːɽˈidn̩][ˈsuːˈɽu]
Strong
(with a-decl.)		 [jaɪ̯t][ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ][ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩][jaɪ̯ta][ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩][ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu]
Weak
(with u-decl.)		 [ˈjɛnˈtɛ][ˈjɛnˈta][ˈjɛnˈtʉn][ˈjɛnˈtʉ][ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩][ˈjɛnˈtu]
Masculine Strong
(with a-decl.)		 [gʉːt][gʉːtn̩][gʉːta][ˈgʉːˈta][ˈgʉːˈtadn̩][ˈgʉːˈtu]
Strong
(with i-decl.)		 [griːs][griːsn̩][ˈgriːˈsɛ][ˈgriːˈsɛ],
[ˈgriːˈsi]		[ˈgriːˈsidn̩][griːsu]
Weak
(with a-decl.)		 [ˈbakˈkɛ][ˈbakˈkin][ˈbakˈka][ˈbakˈka][ˈbakˈkadn̩][ˈbakˈku]
Neutrum Strong [hʉːs][hʉːsɛ][ˈhʉːˈsɛ][hʉːs][hʉːsɛ]
Weak [aʊ̯ga][aʊ̯ga(ə)][aʊ̯gaɛ][aʊ̯gʉ], [aʊ̯gu][aʊ̯gu],
[aʊ̯gʉdn̩]		[aʊ̯gu]
Personal pronouns
Person Subjective
case		 Objective
case		 Dative
case		 Possessive
Feminine Masculine Neuter
Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
1st p. sg. [eː][meː][meː][miː][ˈmiːˈnə][ˈmiːˈnə][miː][mɪn][ˈmiːˈnə][ˈmiːˈnə][miː][mɪt][ˈmiːˈnə][ˈmiːˈnə][miː]
2nd person sg. [dʉː][deː][deː][diː][ˈdiːˈnə][ˈdiːˈnə][diː][dɪn][ˈdiːˈnə][ˈdiːˈnə][diː][dɪt][ˈdiːˈnə][ˈdiːˈnə][diː]
3rd p. sg. f. [huː],
[ˈhuːˈna]		[huː],
[ˈhuːˈna]		[ˈhɛnˈnɛ],
[n]		[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]), [ˈhɛnˈnɛs]
3rd p. sg. m. [han], [n][han], [n][huːnu], [u][has]
3rd p. sg. n. [dɛ][dɛ][di][siː][ˈsiːˈnə][ˈsiːˈnə][siː][sɪn][ˈsiːˈnə][ˈsiːˈnə][siː][sɪt][ˈsiːˈnə][ˈsiːˈnə][siː]
1st p. pl. [meː], [mɞː][ʉs], [ɞs][ʉs], [ɞs][voːr][voʈ][ˈvoːˈre][ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl. [deː], [dɞː][ˈdikˈka(n)],
[ˈdikˈku(n)]		[ˈdikˈka(n)],
[ˈdikˈku(n)]		[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]
3rd p. pl [daɪ̯][daɪ̯][daɪ̯][ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres]

See also