Verrucomonas

Verrucomonas
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Supergroup:	Rhizaria
Phylum:	Cercozoa
Subphylum:	Filosa
Class:	Thecofilosea
Order:	Ventricleftida
Family:	Verrucomonadidae; Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2018
Genus:	Verrucomonas; Chantangsi & Leander 2010
Type species
	Verrucomonas bifida; Chantangsi & Leander 2010
Species
	V. bifida; V. longifila;

Verrucomonas is a genus of marine gliding biflagellates. It belongs to its own family Verrucomonadidae in the order Ventricleftida and contains two species. Its name comes from "verruca" meaning wart and "monas" meaning unit.

Characteristics

Verrucomonas is a genus of gliding biflagellates that lives in marine interstitial sand habitat. Its dorsoventrally flattened cells have a rough surface. Colored warts ranging from yellowish to red, brownish, and golden are found on the cell surface. The only nucleus is located at the anterior end of the cell. Cytoplasm is colorless. Theca, ventral furrow, filopodia and extrusomes are present. Locomotion by gliding. Anterior and posterior notches are sometimes seen.

Taxonomy

The cercozoan genus Verrucomonas was described in 2010 with two species. It was assigned to the thecofilosean order Tectofilosida. Its name comes from "verruca" meaning wart and "monas" meaning unit. The name reflects that members within this genus have colored warts on the cell surface. In 2011, it was assigned to a new thecofilosean order known as Ventricleftida. In 2018, it was assigned to its own family Verrucomonadidae.

Phylogeny

A phylogenetic analysis in 2026:

Ventricleftida

	Ventrifissuridae

	eVentri

Verrucomonadidae

	V. bifida

	V. longifila

Novel Clade A

References

1 2 Howe, Alexis T.; Bass, David; Scoble, Josephine M.; Lewis, Rhodri; Vickerman, Keith; Arndt, Hartmut; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2011-02-04). "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia". Protist. 162 (2): 332–372. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002. ISSN 1434-4610.
1 2 Chantangsi, Chitchai; Leander, Brian S. (2010). "An SSU rDNA barcoding approach to the diversity of marine interstitial cercozoans, including descriptions of four novel genera and nine novel species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (8). Microbiology Society: 1962–1977. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013888-0. ISSN 1466-5034.
1 2 Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (2018-04-17). "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria". Protoplasma. 255 (5): 1517–1574. doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1. ISSN 1615-6102. PMC 6133090. PMID 29666938.
↑ Lax, Gordon; Cooney, Elizabeth C.; Zlatogursky, Vasily; Mtawali, Mahara; Okamoto, Noriko; Jacko-Reynolds, Victoria K. L.; Bjornson, Saelin; Holt, Corey; Hurdeal, Vedprakash G.; Giannotti, Daniele; Keeling, Patrick J. (2026-01-30). "Phylogenomic tree of Cercozoa based on single-cell transcriptomes from 100 uncultured cells". BMC Biology. 24 (1): 55. doi:10.1186/s12915-026-02536-4. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 12930898. PMID 41618358.

[:1-1] 1 2 Howe, Alexis T.; Bass, David; Scoble, Josephine M.; Lewis, Rhodri; Vickerman, Keith; Arndt, Hartmut; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2011-02-04). "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia". Protist. 162 (2): 332–372. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002. ISSN 1434-4610.

[Journal-1-2] 1 2 Chantangsi, Chitchai; Leander, Brian S. (2010). "An SSU rDNA barcoding approach to the diversity of marine interstitial cercozoans, including descriptions of four novel genera and nine novel species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (8). Microbiology Society: 1962–1977. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013888-0. ISSN 1466-5034.

[:2-3] 1 2 Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (2018-04-17). "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria". Protoplasma. 255 (5): 1517–1574. doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1. ISSN 1615-6102. PMC 6133090. PMID 29666938.

[4] Lax, Gordon; Cooney, Elizabeth C.; Zlatogursky, Vasily; Mtawali, Mahara; Okamoto, Noriko; Jacko-Reynolds, Victoria K. L.; Bjornson, Saelin; Holt, Corey; Hurdeal, Vedprakash G.; Giannotti, Daniele; Keeling, Patrick J. (2026-01-30). "Phylogenomic tree of Cercozoa based on single-cell transcriptomes from 100 uncultured cells". BMC Biology. 24 (1): 55. doi:10.1186/s12915-026-02536-4. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 12930898. PMID 41618358.