Murrumbidgee Group

Murrumbidgee Group
Stratigraphic range: Early Devonian (Pragian–Emsian) 413.02–393.47 Ma
TypeGeological group
Sub-unitsCavan Limestone, Majurgong Formation, Taemas Limestone
UnderliesHatchery Creek Group
OverliesBlack Range Group
ThicknessBetween 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and 1,100 m (3,600 ft) (Taemas Limestone in the Goodradigbee Valley)
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
OtherSiltstone, sandstone, shale, quartzite
Location
LocationYass Valley, New South Wales
Coordinates34°58′35″S 148°37′23″E / 34.976389°S 148.623056°E / -34.976389; 148.623056
RegionNew South Wales
CountryAustralia
Murrumbidgee Group is located in Australia
Murrumbidgee Group
Murrumbidgee Group (Australia)
Murrumbidgee Group is located in New South Wales
Murrumbidgee Group
Murrumbidgee Group (New South Wales)

The Murrumbidgee Group is an Early Devonian (Pragian–Emsian) geologic group located around the Burrinjuck Dam in Yass Valley LGA, New South Wales, Australia, near the border with the Australian Capital Territory. The Burrinjuck area has been said to possess immense national and international significance and preserve a diverse fauna comparable to those of World Heritage listed sites. This fauna is indeed quite speciose even if fossils tend to be mainly isolated yet finely preserved bones, and not only includes placoderms and other fishes, but also corals, bryozoans, stromatoporoids, brachiopods, gastropods, nautiloids and trilobites.

Stratigraphy

In the Taemas-Wee Jasper area, the Murrumbidgee Group comprises of three formations: The oldest Cavan Limestone, the middle Majurgong Formation, and the youngest Taemas Limestone Formation. In addition, the Taemas section is split into six constituent members. The Cavan Limestone is also known as the Cavan Bluff Limestone, although this name has fallen out of use as it can cause confusion with the more restricted term 'Bluff Limestone' used by previous workers.

Cavan Limestone

The Cavan Limestone is composed of three subdivisions; a lower 48 metres (157 ft) section made of flaggy limestone and shale; 48 metres (157 ft) of a middle 'Bluff limestone', and 32 metres (105 ft) of thinly-bedded limestone in the upper strata. The designated type section is at Clear Hill within the Cavan area, under the power cables there. Similarities between the Taemas-Cavan and Wee Jasper areas suggest that either preservation akin to a coastline, or a broad tidal flat, was the likely depositional environment of the Cavan Limestone.

Majurgong Formation

The Majurgong Formation, a non-calcareous unit consisting primarily of lithic sandstones and shale, features sedimentary structures which preserve cross-bedding and ripple marks. Except in road cuttings in the lower strata where brachiopods and gastropods are known from, the majority of the formation is unfossiliferous. These perhaps suggest brackish water conditions, supporting the interpretation that the Majurgong Formation as being a non-marine deposit, an interruption of the usually shallow and marine deposition within the Murrumbidgee Group, possibly being laid in an estuarine environment. The Majurgong Formation is about 120 metres (390 ft) in the Wee Jasper area.

Taemas Limestone

The Taemas Limestone starts with its oldest bed, the Spirifer yassensis Limestone Member, which grades out of the uppermost Majurgong Formation. It is the lowest of the six members of the formation. Similar to the Bloomfield Limestone Member, which is the third lowest, the S. yassensis Member consists of calcareous shales and interbedded limestones, and its outcrops tend to be regressive in nature. This is in stark contrast to the Currajong and Receptaculites Limestone Members (5th and 3rd highest respectively), which showcase small reefal bodies within the Goodradigbee valley. Near Taemas-Good Hope, similar large Receptaculites beds are found within the eastern limestone outcrop. The Taemas Formation is thicker in the western Goodradigbee valley 1,000–1,100 metres (3,300–3,600 ft), compared to the east where it measures only ~800 metres (2,600 ft).

Below is a table of the full stratigraphical layout of the Murrumbidgee Group in the eastern outcrop:

Murrumbidgee Group
Stage Formation Member (Mbr) Other
Emsian Taemas Crinoidal Limestone Mbr 'Upper Reef Formation'
Warroo Limestone Mbr
Receptaculites Limestone Mbr
Bloomfield Limestone Mbr
Currajong Limestone Mbr
Spinella yassensis Limestone Mbr
Majurgong
Uppermost Pragian–Emsian Cavan

Vertebrates

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
crossed out taxa are discredited.

Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyans of the Murrumbidgee Group
Genus Species Horizon Clade Images
Cambaracanthus

(Junior synonym of Taemasacanthus)

C. goodhopensis Cavan Ischnacanthiformes,

Ischnacanthidae

Cavanacanthus

(Junior synonym of Taemasacanthus)

C. warrooensis Cavan Ischnacanthiformes,

Ischnacanthidae

Cheiracanthoides C. comptus Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Climatiiformes,Climatiidae
Ohiolepis O. sp. Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Elasmobranchii,

incertae sedis

"Skamolepis" S. fragilis Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Chondrichthyes, incertae sedis
Taemasacanthus T. cooradigbeensis Currajong Limestone Mbr, Taemas Ischnacanthiformes,

Ischnacanthidae

Diagram of the left dentary of T. erroli.
T. erroli Cavan & S. yassensis Mbr, Taemas
T. narrengullenensis Currajong & Bloomfield Limestone Mbrs, Taemas
T. porca Cavan
T. cf. erroli Currajong Limestone Mbr, Taemas

Placodermi

Placoderms of the Murrumbidgee Group
Genus Species Horizon Clade Images
Arenipiscis A. westolli Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

Restoration of A. westolli.
Bimbianga B. burrinjuckensis Cavan & S. yassensis Limestone Mbr, Taemas Arthrodira,

Holonematidae?

Brindabellaspis B. stensioi Bloomfield–Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Brindabellaspida,

Brindabellaspidae

A reconstruction of B. stensioi.
Buchanosteus B. confertituberculatus S. yassensis & Receptaculites Limestone Mbrs, Taemas Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

B. confertituberculatus reconstruction.
Burrinjucosteus B. asymmetricus S. yassensis to Warroo Limestone Mbrs, Taemas Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

A restoration of B. asymmetricus.
Cathlesichthys C. weejasperensis Upper Bloomfield/Lower Receptaculites Limestone Mbrs, Taemas Arthrodira,

Homostiidae

Cavanosteus C. australis Probably Cavan; S. yassensis Limestone Mbr, Taemas Arthrodira,

Homostiidae

Dhanguura D. johnstoni Lower part of Unit 6, matching up with Crinoidal Limestone Mbr, Taemas Arthrodira,

Brachythoraci incertae sedis

Elvaspis E. tuberculata Bloomfield–Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Arthrodira,

Williamsaspididae

E. whitei
Errolosteus E. goodradigbeensis Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

E. goodradigbeensis reconstruction.
Goodradigbeeon G. australianum Cavan; S. yassensis Limestone Mbr, Taemas Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

A reconstruction of G. australianum.
Lunaspis L. sp. Uncertain, not mentioned in Young 1985 Petalichthyida,

Macropetalichthyidae

Artist's reconstruction of L. broili (larger) and L. heroldi (smaller).
Murrindalaspis M. wallacei Near Taemas Bridge (unknown unit) Acanthothoraci,

Weejasperaspididae

Cropped image showing a restoration of M. wallacei.
Notopetalichthys N. hillsi Likely Cavan, as the remains were described from Coodravale Petalichthyida,

Macropetalichthyidae

Ohioaspis O. tumulosa Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Incertae sedis

(Rhenanida?)

Parabuchanosteus P. murrumbidgeensis S. yassensis, Bloomfield to possibly Crinoidal or Warroo Limestone Mbrs, Taemas. Possibly also Cavan. Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

P. murrumbidgeensis reconstruction.
Richardosteus R. barwickorum Uncertain, not stated in description paper Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

Shearsbyaspis S. oepiki S. yassensis Limestone Mbr, Taemas Petalichthyida,

incertae sedis

Taemasosteus T. novaustrocambricus S. yassensis Limestone Mbr and above, Taemas, and Cavan Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

Restoration of T. novaustrocambricus.
Toombsosteus T. denisoni Uncertain; stated to be on the shore at south-east end of Goodradigbee Lake, east of the track from Barber’s and Wee Jasper ends Arthrodira,

Buchanosteidae

Weejasperaspis W. gavini Receptaculites, Receptaculites-Bloomfield boundary, and possibly Crinoidal Limestone Mbrs, Taemas Acanthothoraci,

Weejasperaspididae

Williamsaspis W. bedfordi Uncertain; Goodradigbee River Arthrodira,

Williamsaspididae

Wijdeaspis W. warrooensis Middle of Crinoidal Limestone Mbr, Taemas, and either uppermost Crinoidal Limestone Mbr, Taemas, or overlying tuffs and shales Petalichthyida,

incertae sedis

Sarcopterygii

Sarcopterygians of the Murrumbidgee Group
Genus Species Horizon Clade Images
Cathlorhynchus C. trismodipterus Currajong Limestone Mbr, Taemas Dipnoi,

Dipnorhynchidae

Dipnorhynchus D. cathlesae Lowermost part of the upper part of the Taemas Limestone. This section has common marine macrofossils, and abundant tabulate & rugose corals (level uncertain) Dipnoi,

Dipnorhynchidae

A reconstruction of D. sp.
D. kurikae Currajong to Receptaculites Limestone Mbrs, Taemas
D. sussmilchi S. yassensis Mbr, Taemas.
Onychodus O. yassensis Bloomfield Limestone Mbr, Taemas Onychodontiformes,

Onychodontidae

O. sp. Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas
Speonesydrion S. iani Bloomfield–Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Dipnoi,

Dipnorhynchidae

Other

Other fauna of the Murrumbidgee Group
Genus Species Horizon Clade Images
Ligulalepis L. toombsi Bloomfield–Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Osteichthyes,

incertae sedis

Life reconstruction of L. toombsi, based on a skull.
Turinia sp. cf. T. australiensis Uppermost Cavan and basal Majurgong Formations Thelodontiformes,

Turiniidae

Reconstruction of T. pagei.

Invertebrates

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
crossed out taxa are discredited.

Brachiopoda

Brachiopods of the Murrumbidgee Group
Genus Species Horizon Clade Images
Adrenia A. cernua Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Terebratulida,

Rhipidothyrididae

A. expansa
Ambothyris A. runnegari Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Ambocoeliidae

Anatrypa A. erectirostris Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Atrypida,

Atrypidae

Athyris A. waratahensis Cavan; S. yassensis & Receptaculites Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Athyridida,

Athyrididae

Specimen of the related Athyris concentrica (lateral).
Atrypa A. penelopeae Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Atrypida,

Atrypidae

Specimen of the related A. reticularis.
Aulacella A. philipi Warroo Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Orthida,

Rhipidomellidae

A. stoermeri Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Browneella B. browneae Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Rhynchonellida,

Trigonorhynchiidae

Callipleura ?C. sp. Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Rhynchonellida,

Rhynchotrematidae

Coelospira C. dayi Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Anaplothecidae

Craniops C. australis Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Craniopsida,

Craniopsidae

Cydimia C. parva Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Terebratulida,

Rhipidothyrididae

C. robertsi
Cyrtinopsis C. aff. C. cooperi Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Spiriferidae

Cyrtina C. aff. C. wellingtonensis Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Cyrtinidae

Cymostrophia C. dickinsi Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Stropheodontidae

C. multicostella Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Delthyris D. hudsoni Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Delthyrididae

Eoglossinotoechia E. linki Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Rhynchonellida,

Uncinulidae

Howellella H. aff. H. textilis Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Spiriferidae

Howittia H. howitti From Cavan up to Warroo Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Spinocyrtiidae

H. multiplicata From Cavan up to Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Hysterolites H. sp. Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Spiriferidae

Isorthis I. spedeni Warroo Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Orthida,

Dalmanellidae

Leptostrophia L. clarkei Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Stropheodontidae

Malurostrophia M. aura Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Stropheodontidae

M. bella Warroo Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

M. flabellicauda Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

M. flabellicauda reverta
M. minima Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Micidus ?M. glaber Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Terebratulida,

Mutationellidae

M. shandkyddi Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Muriferella M. hillae Warroo Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Orthida,

Schizophoriidae

Parachonetes P. flemingi Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Chonetidae

P. konincki Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Protochonetes P. culleni S. yassensis & Receptaculites Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Chonetidae

P. latus Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Pugnax ’P.’ oepiki Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Rhynchonellida,

Pugnacidae

Resserella R. careyi Warroo Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Orthida,

Dalmanellidae

Salopina S. kemezysi Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Orthida,

Schizophoriidae

Septachonetes S. melanus Warroo Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Chonetidae

Schuchertella S. murphyi Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Schuchertellidae

Spinella S. yassensis S. yassensis & Receptaculites Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Spiriferidae

Spinulicosta S. campbelli Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Productellidae

Taemostrophia T. patmorei Receptaculites & Warroo Limestone Mbrs,

Taemas

Strophomenida,

Stropheodontidae

Quadrithyrina Q. allani Receptaculites Limestone Mbr,

Taemas

Spiriferida,

Spinocyrtiidae

Gastropoda

Gastropods of the Murrumbidgee Group
Genus Species Horizon Clade Images
Arizonella ?A. conoidea Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Gastropoda incertae sedis,

Raphistomatidae

Bembexia B. micula Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Eotomariidae

B. sp.
Coelocyclus C. hadroni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Bellerophontida,

Bellerophontidae

Coelozone ?C. sp. Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Gosseletinidae

Hemizyga H. (Hyphantozyga) granifera Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Caenogastropoda,

Pseudozygopleuridae

Hesperiella H. sp. Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Eotomariidae

Holopea H. protoni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Vetigastropoda,

Holopeidae

Specimens of the related H. praestans.
Ianthinopsis I. ornatus Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Caenogastropoda,

Subulitidae

Leptoptygma L. australe Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Caenogastropoda,

Subulitidae

Loxonema L. altacostatum Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Loxonematidae

Mesocoelia M. quarki Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Murchisoniidae

Michelia M. darwini Uncertain Pleurotomariida,

Murchisoniidae

Mitchellia M. striatula Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Gastropoda incertae sedis,

Codonocheilidae

Mourlonia M. subglobosa Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Eotomariidae

Murchisonia M. (M.) fermioni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Murchisoniidae

M. (M.) turris
Naticopsis N. (N.) taemasensis Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Cycloneritida,

Neritopsidae

Specimen of the related Naticopsis sp.
Oehlertia O. pioni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Eotomariidae

Palaeozygopleura P. muoni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Palaeozygopleuridae

Platyceras P. (P.) sp. A Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Neritimorpha,

Platyceratidae

P. (P.) sp. B
Ptychosphaera P. convolutus Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Bellerophontida,

Bellerophontidae

Retispira R. retifera Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Bellerophontida,

Bellerophontidae

Stegocoelia S. (S.) bononi Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Murchisoniidae

Straparollus S. (Euomphalus) leptoni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Euomphalidae

?S. (Serpulospira) sp.
Subulites S. (Fusispira) sp. Uncertain Caenogastropoda,

Subulitidae

Taemasotrochus T. giganticus Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Archaeogastropoda,

Pseudophoridae

Trochonema ?T. nodosa Cave Flat Limestone Trochonematoidea,

Trochonematidae

Specimen of the related Trochonema sp. (Minnesota)
T. sp. Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas
Tropidodiscus T. centrifugalis Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Bellerophontida,

Bellerophontidae

Umbotropis U. mesoni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Pleurotomariida,

Gosseletinidae

Operculum gen. et. sp. indet. Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas ?Pleurotomariida,

incertae sedis

Trilobita

Trilobites of the Murrumbidgee Group
Genus Species Horizon Clade Images
Apocalymene A. quadrilobata S. yassensis Limestone Mbr, Taemas Phacopida,

Calymenidae

Fossil of G. arcuata.
Otarion O. dabrowni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Proetida,

Aulacopleuridae

Phacops P. spedeni Receptaculites Limestone Mbr, Taemas Phacopida,

Phacopidae

Fossil of Phacops sp.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Young, Gavin C. (2011). "Wee Jasper-Lake Burrinjuck fossil fish sites: Scientific background to national heritage nomination". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 132: 83–107. ISSN 0370-047X.
  2. ↑ Lindley, I. D. (2002). Acanthodian, onychodontid and osteolepidid fish from the middle-upper Taemas Limestone (Early Devonian), Lake Burrinjuck, New South Wales. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 26(1), 103–126.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zapalski, Mikołaj K.; Berkowski, Błażej; Skompski, Stanisław; Pickett, John W.; Young, Gavin C. (2025-06-01). "Ancient depths: Unprecedented completeness of mesophotic coral-fish ecosystem from the Devonian of Eastern Gondwana". Gondwana Research. 142: 252–261. Bibcode:2025GondR.142..252Z. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2025.03.006. ISSN 1342-937X.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Lindley, I.D. (2000). "Acanthodian fish remains from the Lower Devonian Cavan Bluff Limestone (Murrumbidgee Group), Taemas district, New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 24 (1): 11–35. Bibcode:2000Alch...24...11L. doi:10.1080/03115510008619520. ISSN 0311-5518.
  5. 1 2 Voichyshyn, Victor; Szaniawski, Hubert (2012). "Acanthodian Jaw Bones from Lower Devonian Marine Deposits of Podolia, Ukraine". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (4): 879–896. Bibcode:2012AcPaP..57..879V. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0079. ISSN 0567-7920.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Giffin, E. B. (1980). Devonian Vertebrates from Australia. Postilla (Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History), 180 (1–15)
  7. 1 2 Basden, Alison; Basden, Alison (2003). "Early Devonian (Emsian) vertebrate microremains from the Bucchan Group, Victoria, Australia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. New Series. 115 (1/2): 7––26.
  8. 1 2 3 Lindley, I.D. (2001). "Lower Devonian ischnacanthid fish (Gnathostomata: Acanthodii) from the Taemas Limestone, Lake Burrinjuck, New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 25 (3): 269–291. Bibcode:2001Alch...25..269L. doi:10.1080/03115510108527804. ISSN 0311-5518.
  9. ↑ Long, J. A. (1986). "New ischnacanthid acanthodians from the Early Devonian of Australia, with comments on acanthodian interrelationships". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 87 (4): 321–339. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb01339.x.
  10. 1 2 Young, G.C. (1981). "New Early Devonian brachythoracids (placoderm fishes) from the Taemas - Wee Jasper region of New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 5 (4): 245–271. Bibcode:1981Alch....5..245Y. doi:10.1080/03115518108566994. ISSN 0311-5518.
  11. ↑ Young, Gavin (2005). "Early Devonian arthrodire remains (Placodermi, ?Holonematidae) from the Burrinjuck area, New South Wales, Australia". Geodiversitas. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. hdl:1885/82117. ISSN 1280-9659.
  12. ↑ Young, Gavin C. (1980-01-01). "A new Early Devonian placoderm from New South Wales, Australia, with a discussion of placoderm phylogeny". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: 10–76.
  13. ↑ King, Benedict; Young, Gavin C.; Long, John A. (2018). "New information on Brindabellaspis stensioi Young, 1980, highlights morphological disparity in Early Devonian placoderms". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (6) 180094. Bibcode:2018RSOS....580094K. doi:10.1098/rsos.180094. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 6030278. PMID 30110452.
  14. 1 2 3 White, E. I. (1952). Australian arthrodires. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology, 1, 249–304.
  15. ↑ Young, G. C. (1979). "New information on the structure and relationships of Buchanosteus (Placodermi: Euarthrodira) from the Early Devonian of New South Wales". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 66 (4): 309–352. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1979.tb01912.x.
  16. ↑ Long, J. A.; Mark-Kurik, E.; Young, G. C. (2014-05-26). "Taxonomic revision of buchanosteoid placoderms (Arthrodira) from the Early Devonian of south-eastern Australia and Arctic Russia". Australian Journal of Zoology. 62 (1): 26–43. doi:10.1071/ZO13081. ISSN 0004-959X.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "The larger arthrodiran fishes from the area of the Burrinjuck Dam, N.S.W". bionames.org. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  18. 1 2 Young, Gavin C. (2004-03-25). "Large brachythoracid arthrodires (placoderm fishes) from the early Devonian of Wee Jasper, New South Wales, Australia, with a discussion of basal brachythoracid characters". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:2004JVPal..24....1Y. doi:10.1671/1942-1. ISSN 0272-4634.
  19. ↑ Young, Gavin C. (2004-01-01). "A homostiid arthrodire (placoderm fish) from the Early Devonian of the Burrinjuck area, New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 28 (1). Taylor & Francis: 129–146. Bibcode:2004Alch...28..129Y. doi:10.1080/03115510408619278. ISSN 0311-5518.
  20. ↑ Young, Gavin C. (2009). "New arthrodires (Family Williamsaspididae) from Wee Jasper, New South Wales (Early Devonian), with comments on placoderm morphology and palaeoecology". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 69–82. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00366.x. ISSN 0001-7272.
  21. 1 2 "Further Petalichthyid remains (Placoderm fishes, Early Devonian) from the Taemas-Wee Jasper region, New South Wales". Product catalogue. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  22. ↑ "IX.—The head shield of a new Macropetalichthyid Fish (Notopetalichthys hillsi, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Middle Devonian of Australia". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 8 (44). Taylor & Francis: 91–96. 1941-08-01. doi:10.1080/00222934108527193. ISSN 0374-5481.
  23. 1 2 Young, G.C. (1978). "A new Early Devonian petalichthyid fish from the Taemas/Wee Jasper region of New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 2 (2): 103–116. Bibcode:1978Alch....2..103Y. doi:10.1080/03115517808619082. ISSN 0311-5518.
  24. ↑ White, Errol Ivor; White, Errol Ivor; Toombs, Harry A. (1972). "THE BUCHANOSTEID ARTHRODIRES OF AUSTRALIA". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology. 22: 379––419.
  25. ↑ Long, J. A.; Mark-Kurik, E.; Young, G. C. (2014-05-26). "Taxonomic revision of buchanosteoid placoderms (Arthrodira) from the Early Devonian of south-eastern Australia and Arctic Russia". Australian Journal of Zoology. 62 (1): 26–43. doi:10.1071/ZO13081. ISSN 0004-959X.
  26. 1 2 Campbell, K. S.W.; Barwick, R. E.; Senden, T. J. (2009). "Evolution of dipnoans (lungfish) in the Early Devonian of southeastern Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 33 (1): 59–78. Bibcode:2009Alch...33...59C. doi:10.1080/03115510802618300. ISSN 0311-5518.
  27. ↑ Campbell, K.S.W.; Campbell, K. S. W.; Barwick, R. E. (1982). "A new species of the lungfish Dipnorhynchus from New South Wales". Palaeontology. 25: 509––527.
  28. ↑ Campbell, K. S. W., & Barwick, R. E. (2000). The braincase, mandible and dental structures of the Early Devonian lungfish Dipnorhynchus kurikae from Wee Jasper, New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 52(1), 103–128.
  29. ↑ "The Cranial Buckler Of A Dipnoan Fish, Probably Ganorhynchus, From The Devonian Beds Of The Murrumbidgee River, New South Wales | R. Etheridge". www.gyanbooks.com. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  30. ↑ Clement, A., Challands, T., Long, J. & Ahlberg, P. (2016). The cranial endocast of Dipnorhynchus sussmilchi (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) and the interrelationships of stem-group lungfishes. PeerJ. 4. 1-19.
  31. ↑ Lindley, I.D. (2002). "Acanthodian, onychodontid and osteolepidid fish from the middle-upper Taemas Limestone (Early Devonian), Lake Burrinjuck, New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 26 (1): 103–126. Bibcode:2002Alch...26..103L. doi:10.1080/03115510208619246. ISSN 0311-5518.
  32. ↑ "Early Evolution of Dipnoan Dentitions and a New Genus Speonesydrion [FROM: J. Roberts and P. A. Jell (Editors). Dorothy Hill Jubilee Memoir. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, pp. 17-49]. by K. S. W. Campbell and R. E. Barwick.: Very Good No Binding (1983) | Eryops Books". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  33. ↑ Campbell, Kenton S. W.; Barwick, Richard E. (2007). "The structure and stratigraphy ofSpeonesydrion from New South Wales, Australia, and the dentition of primitive dipnoans". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 81 (2): 146–159. Bibcode:2007PalZ...81..146C. doi:10.1007/BF02988389. ISSN 0031-0220.
  34. ↑ Schultze, Hans-Peter; Schultze, Hans-Peter (1968). "Palaeoniscoidea-Schuppen aus dem Underdevon Australiens und Kanadas und aus dem Mitteldevon Spitzbergens". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology. 16: 341––368.
  35. ↑ Basden, Alison M.; Young, Gavin C. (2001-12-14). "A primitive actinopterygian neurocranium from the Early Devonian of southeastern Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (4). Taylor & Francis: 754–766. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0754:APANFT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  36. ↑ Chatterton, B.D.E. (1973). Brachiopods of the Murrumbidgee Group, Taemas, New South Wales. BMR Bulletin 137, 146 pp.
  37. ↑ Tassell, C. B.; Tassell, C. B. (1982). "Gastropods from the Early Devonian "Receptaculites" Limestone, Taemas, New South Wales". Records of the Queen Victoria Museum Launceston. 77: 1––59.
  38. 1 2 Chatterton, B. D. E.; Johnson, B. D.; Campbell, K. S. W. (1979). "Silicified Lower Devonian trilobites from New South Wales". Palaeontology. 22 (4): 799–837.
  39. 1 2 3 Chatterton, B. D. E. (1971-01-01). "Taxonomy and ontogeny of Siluro-Devonian trilobites from near Yass, New South Wales". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: 1–108.