Wiman of Old Chosŏn
| Wiman | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Illustration of Wiman and his men from Elementary History of Korea (1908) | |||||||||
| King of Wiman Chosŏn | |||||||||
| Reign | 194 BCE – Unknown | ||||||||
| Successor | Unknown | ||||||||
| House | Wi | ||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 衛滿 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 卫满 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 위만 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 衛滿 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Wiman Chosŏn monarchs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
Wiman (in Korean) or Wei Man (in Chinese) was the founder and first monarch of the Wiman Chosŏn dynasty of Korea. He was originally a military leader of the Chinese Kingdom of Yan. When king Lu Wan of Yan was defeated by the Han in 195 BCE, Wiman fled to Old Chosŏn in north-western Korea and later usurped power from its king in 194 BCE, establishing Wiman Chosŏn. Recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han, Wiman was the first ruler in the history of Korea to have been recorded in documents from the same time period.
Biography
After Emperor Gaozu of Han suppressed the rebellion of Zang Tu, king of Yan, he appointed general Lu Wan as Yan's new king. In 196 BC, Emperor Gaozu suspected Lu Wan of plotting rebellion and ordered an attack against Yan. Lu Wan fled to the Xiongnu while his general Wiman (Wei Man) led a thousand followers east to Old Chosŏn.
According to the Book of the Later Han's chapter regarding the Dongyi of ancient China, Wiman was initially ordered to fortify Old Chosŏn's northwestern border by Chun of Kija Chosŏn, however with the help of Yan refugees, Wiman usurped the throne (194–180 BCE). Supposedly, King Chun fled to Mahan and called himself the "King of Han (韓王)" though it is not accepted by modern Korean historians (see Mahan confederacy's misconceptions). However, due to the existence of Kija Chosŏn (first mentioned in Shiji and later in the Book of the Later Han) itself being scrutinized by Korean and Japanese historians, the claim (due to the nature of its connection to Kija Chosŏn) is also often scrutinized, as in native Korean records, no king named "Chun" is found in any of the genealogy.
Wiman's capital of Old Chosŏn was Wanggeom-seong, generally identified as Pyongyang. Since the Han dynasty was not completely stabilized yet, the governor of Liaodong appointed Wiman as an outer subject, provided that he did not prevent natives going up to the empire. The appointment is dated at 191 or 192 BCE. Having superior military strength, Wiman Chosŏn was able to subjugate the neighboring Jinbeon kingdom (진번; 眞番國; not to be confused with Zhenfan Commandery) and Imdun kingdom (임둔국; 臨屯國; not to be confused with Lintun Commandery), vastly extending its borders. His kingdom was eventually conquered by Emperor Wu of Han in 108 BCE during the reign of Ugŏ of Old Chosŏn.
Family
References
- ↑ Lee, Ki-baik: Walled-Town States and Confederated Kingdoms. The New History of Korea, page 16-17. Harvard University Press, 1984
- ↑ "東夷列傳". Book of the Later Han (in Chinese).
初 朝鮮王準爲衛滿所破 乃將其餘衆數千人走入海 攻馬韓 破之 自立爲韓王 其後絶滅 今韓人猶有奉其祭祀者。
- ↑ DBpia - 연구를 돕는 똑똑한 학술콘텐츠 플랫폼. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
- ↑ Shim 2002, pp. 278–279
- ↑ ハンギョレ新聞. "中国が基礎をつくり日帝が釘を刺した '平壌' の漢四郡". ハンギョレ.
そこで今西龍は1922年 '箕子朝鮮伝説考' で箕子は楽浪の韓氏が家門を輝かせるために箕子の後えいだとかこつけただけであり、朝鮮人の先祖ではないと否認した。
- ↑ 이, 태룡. "'단군신화' 조작, 그 처참한 현실" [Forgery of the "Tan'gun myth" and its terrible truth]. OhMyNews.
- ↑ Bae, Jongdeok. "기자조선은 존재하지 않았다". Ujeil (in Korean). 울산제일일보.
기자조선 설은 한국 고대사를 중국사에 흡수·동화시키기 위해 중화주의 천하사상이 조작한 허구에 지나지 않는다.
[The theory of Kija Chosŏn is nothing more than a fabrication concocted by Sinocentric notions of the world order to absorb and assimilate ancient Korean history into Chinese history.] - ↑ Lee, Heegeun. "단군조선 실재했나?". 월간중앙 (in Korean). JoongAng Ilbo.
기자에 관한 기록을 전하는 문헌들을 고찰해 보면 기자동래설은 사실로 받아들일 수 없다. [...] 일연의 경우도 이런 사고방식에서 결코 예외가 될 수 없다. 흔히 일연을 김부식과 달리 자주적 인물로 알고 있는데, 그 역시 소중화주의자에 불과하다. 이는 그의 "삼국유사" 서술 방식에서 확인된다. "삼국유사"에서는 고조선·부여·고구려로 이어지는 단군계의 국가활동보다 기자조선·위만조선·한사군·삼한으로 연결되는 중국계의 국가활동을 더 큰 비중으로 그리고 있다. 특히 마한은 기자조선의 후예가, 진한은 진나라의 유민이 세운 것으로 기술하는 등 삼한의 주도세력을 중국계로 파악한 것은 일연의 소중화주의적 면모가 여실히 드러나는 대목이다. 또한 모든 사실을 기술할 때 그가 신봉한 중국측 기록을 주요 자료로 삼고, 국내 자료는 이를 보완 설명하는 주석으로 처리하는 정도로 이용한 것에서도 그의 소중화적 면모를 확인할 수 있다.
[A review of the historical documents that contain records concerning Kija (Jizi) reveals that the theory of Kija's migration eastward cannot be accepted as historical fact. [...] Iryeon, too, was by no means exempt from this way of thinking. Although Iryeon is commonly regarded as an independent-minded figure, in contrast to Kim Pusik, he was nothing more than a proponent of Sojunghwa (小中華主義, “Little China” ideology). This can be confirmed through the manner in which he presents his accounts in the Samguk yusa.
In the Samguk yusa, greater emphasis is placed on the political activities of Chinese-derived states, extending from Kija Chosŏn and Wiman Chosŏn to the Four Han Commanderies and the Three Han confederacies, than on those of the Tan'gun lineage, which extends from Old Chosŏn through Buyeo to Goguryeo. In particular, Iryeon's portrayal of the Three Han confederacies' leading political forces as being of Chinese origin—describing Mahan as having been established by descendants of Kija Chosŏn (through King Chun) and Jinhan by refugees from the Qin dynasty—clearly demonstrates his Little China-oriented outlook.
Furthermore, his adherence to Chinese historical records as the primary sources when documenting historical events, while using domestic Korean sources merely as supplementary annotations to elaborate upon those accounts, also reveals his Little China ideological orientation.] - ↑ Concerning controversy over the location of Lelang Commandery, there is a minority view that Wiman's domain was located in Liaoning instead of north-western Korea. However, it is generally accepted that the river referred to as "Majasu" (마자수; 馬訾水) refers to the Yalu River and "Paesu" (패수; 浿水) refers to the Yalu River or Ch'ongch'on River or Daling River, and that Wiman's territory was bordered on the north by the Han dynasty. P'yŏngyang is the most likely site for the capital Wanggeom-seong but lacks archaeological evidence. For more information, see (Tani:1987).
- ↑ (Ibaragi:1984)
Notes
- ↑
- Peterson, Mark (2009). Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.
- "The term was used again by a refugee from the Han dynasty named Wiman, who about 200 B.C.E. set up a kingdom in Korea called Wiman Choson."
- Cotterell, Arthur (2011). Asia: A Concise History. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470825044.
- "The earliest documented event in Korean history involves China. After an unsuccessful rising against the first Han emperor Gaozu, the defeated rebels sought refuge beyond the imperial frontier and one of them Wiman, took control of Choson, a Korean state in the north of the peninsula."
- Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0253000248.
- "For instance, Wiman, a refugee from the Yan dynasty, which then existed around present-day Beijing, led his band of more than 1,000 followers into exile in Old Chosŏn in the early second century bc."
- Tennant, Roger (1996). History Of Korea. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-0710305329.
- "Retaliation by the Han then brought in refugees from Yan, the most notable of whom was a war lord, Weiman ('Wiman'in Korean), who somewhere about 200 BC led his followers into the territory held by Choson."
- Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007). That glorious ancient history of our nation. University of California, Los Angeles. p. 220. ISBN 9780549440369.
- "Here, Wiman was described as a "Gu Yanren 故燕人"or a person from former Yan. It is confusing because there were two Yans around this period. The first was the Yan state, which was one of the seven states during the Warring States period, and the second was the vassal state of Yan of the Han dynasty."
Sources
- Mikami Tsugio 三上次男: Kodai no seihoku Chōsen to Ei-shi Chōsen koku no seiji, shakaiteki seikaku 古代の西北朝鮮と衛氏朝鮮国の政治・社会的性格, Kodai Tōhoku Ajiashi Kenkyū 古代東北アジア史研究, pp. 3–22, 1966.
- Ibaragi Kazuo 荊木計男: Ei Man Chōsen ō Sakuhō ni tsuite 衛満朝鮮冊封について, Chōsen Gakuhō 朝鮮学報 (Journal of the Academic Association of Koreanology in Japan) Vol. 113, pp. 1–25, 1984.
- Tani Toyonobu 谷豊信: Rakurō-gun no ichi 楽浪郡の位置, Chōsen shi kenkyūkai ronbunshū 朝鮮史研究会論文集 (Bulletin of Society for Study in Korean History), No 24, pp. 23–45, 1987.