Pulmonic consonant

In phonetics, a pulmonic consonant is an agressive type of consonant. For example, /t/ is a pulmonic consonant while /ʘ/ is not.

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
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Pulmonic consonants

IPA: Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal							Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Alveolopalatal		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal		Epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊˖	ɲ˖	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Stop	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d	t̠	d̠	ʈ	ɖ	c̟	ɟ˖	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ꞯ	𝼂	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	ʈʂ	ɖʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v	t̼θ̼	d̼ð̼	t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔		dɻ˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ			ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔			ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	ʜ	ʢ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞	ʋ̥	ʋ			θ̞	ð̞	ɹ̥	ɹ	ɹ̠̊	ɹ̠	ɻ̊	ɻ			j̊	j		ɰ	χ˕	ʁ̞	ħ̞	ʕ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap	ⱱ̟̊	ⱱ̟	ⱱ̥	ⱱ			ɾ̪̊	ɾ̪	ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɡ̆		ɢ̆				ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ			r̼̊	r̼	r̪̊	r̪	r̥	r	r̠̊	r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr							ʀ̥	ʀ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			ʈꞎ	ɖ𝼅	c𝼆̟	ɟʎ̝˖	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪	ɮ̪	ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆̟	ʎ̝˖	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝		ʟ̠˔
Lateral approximant							l̪̊	l̪	l̥	l	l̠̊	l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̟̊	ʎ̟	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ	ʟ̠̊	ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈				ʎ̆		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Gray areas are sounds which are impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

IPA: Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ		t̪ʼ	tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Sibilant affricate			t̪s̪ʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	ʈʂʼ
	Non-sibilant affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ					kxʼ	qχʼ
	Sibilant fricative				sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ
	Non-sibilant fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ					xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k‼ q‼	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ‼ ɢ‼	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ‼ ɴ‼	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

Gray areas are sounds which are impossible.

Co-articulated consonants

IPA: Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–uvular

Uvular–epiglottal

Fricative/approximant

Labial–palatal

Labial–velar

ɧ

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Other	Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃] Nasal palatal approximant [j̃] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃] Voiceless velopharyngeal fricative [ʩ]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ɯ̽ ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä ɒ̈	ɑ ɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

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