Voiceless velar plosive

Voiceless velar plosive
Voiceless velar plosive
k
IPA Number	109
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	k
Unicode (hex)	U+006B
X-SAMPA	k

The voiceless velar stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨k⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨k⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "c" in care and the "k" in kiss.

Feeatures

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is velar. This means that this sound is produced with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is stop, or plosive. This means that this sound is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)See also: Voiced velar lateral stop

Examples

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning
Abkhaz		ақалақь/ak̇halak̇h’	[ˈakalakʲ]	'the city'
Adyghe	Shapsug	кьэт/k′ėt	[kʲat]^ⓘ	'chicken'
Adyghe	Temirgoy	пскэн/pskėn	[pskan]
Ahtna		gistaann	[kɪstʰɐːn]	'six'
Aleut		kiikax̂	[kiːkaχ]	'cranberry bush'
Arabic	Modern Standard	كتب/kutib	[ˈkatabɐ]	'he wrote'
Armenian	Eastern	քաղաք/ k'aġak'/k'aghak	[kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ]	'town'
Assamese		কম/kom	[kɔm]	'less'
Assyrian		ܟܬܒ̣ܐ [[[Syriac alphabet\|ctava]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)	[ktava]	'book'
Basque		katu	[kat̪u]	'cat'
Bengali		কম/kom	[kɔm]	'less'
Bulgarian		как/kak	[kak]	'how'
Catalan		cors	[ˈkɔ(ɾ)s]	'hearts'
Chinese	Cantonese	家 / gā	[kaː˥]^ⓘ	'home'
	Hokkien	歌 koa	[kua]	'song'
	Mandarin	高 / gāo	[kɑʊ˥]^ⓘ	'high'
Chuvash		кукка	[ku'kːɑ]	'mother's brother'
Czech		kost	[kost]	'bone'
Danish	Standard	gås	[ˈkɔ̽ːs]	'goose'
Dutch		koning	[ˈkoːnɪŋ]	'king'
English		kiss	[kʰɪs]^ⓘ	'kiss'
Esperanto		rakonto	[raˈkonto]	'tale'
Estonian		kõik	[kɤik]	'all'
Filipino		kuto	[ˈkuto]	'lice'
Finnish		kakku	[kɑkːu]	'cake'
French		cabinet	[kabinɛ]	'office'
Georgian		ქვა/kva	[kʰva]	'stone'
German		Käfig	[ˈkʰɛːfɪç]	'cage'
Greek		καλόγερος / kalógeros	[kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠]	'monk'
Gujarati		કાંદો/kaṃde	[kɑːnd̪oː]	'onion'
Hebrew		כסף / kesef	[ˈkesef]	'money'
Hiligaynon		kadlaw	[kad̪law]	'laugh'
Hindustani		काम / کام	[kɑːm]	'work'
Hungarian		akkor	[ɒkkor]	'then'
Italian		casa	[ˈkäːzä]	'house'
Japanese		鞄 / kaban	[kabaɴ]	'handbag'
Kagayanen		kalag	[kað̞aɡ]	'spirit'
Khmer		កម្ពុជា / kâmpŭchéa	[kampuciːə]	'Cambodia'
Korean		감자 / kamja	[kamdʑa]	'potato'
Lakota		kimímela	[kɪˈmɪmela]	'butterfly'
Luxembourgish		geess	[ˈkeːs]	'goat'
Macedonian		кој	[kɔj]	'who'
Marathi		कवच	[kəʋət͡s]	'armour'
Malay		kaki	[käki]	'leg'
Nepali		केरा	[keɾä]	'banana'
Norwegian		kake	[kɑːkɛ]	'cake'
Odia		କାମ/kāma	[kämɔ]	'work'
Pashto		كال/kal	[kɑl]	'year'
Persian		کارد/kārd	[kɑrd]	'knife'
Polish		buk	[ˈbuk]^ⓘ	'beech tree'
Portuguese		corpo	[ˈkoɾpu]	'body'
Punjabi		ਕਰ/کر/kar	[kəɾ]	'do'
Romanian		când	[ˈkɨnd]	'when'
Russian		короткий/korotkiy	[kɐˈrotkʲɪj]^ⓘ	'short'
Serbo-Croatian		кост / kost	[kȏːs̪t̪]	'bone'
Slovak		kosť	[kɔ̝stɕ]	'bone'
Spanish		casa	[ˈkäsä]	'house'
Swedish		ko	[ˈkʰuː]	'cow'
Sylheti		ꠇꠤꠔꠣ/kita	[kɪt̪à]	'what'
Tamil		கை/kai	[kəɪ̯]	'hand'
Telugu		కాకి/kāki	[kāki]	'crow'
Thai		ไก่/kị̀	[kaj˨˩]	'chicken'
Turkish		kulak	[kʰuɫäk]	'ear'
Ubykh		кауар/kawar	[kawar]	'slat'
Ukrainian		колесо/koleso	[ˈkɔɫɛsɔ]	'wheel'
Vietnamese		cam	[kam]	'orange'
Welsh		calon	[kalɔn]	'heart'
West Frisian		keal	[kɪəl]	'calf'
Yi		ꇰ / ge	[kɤ˧]	'foolish'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan	canza	[kanza]	'walking'

Notes

↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
↑ Basbøll (2005:61)
↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
↑ DEX Online :
↑ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References

Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

[FOOTNOTELadefoged2005165-1] Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.

[FOOTNOTEThelwall199037-2] Thelwall (1990), p. 37.

[FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200913-3] Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.

[FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-4] Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.

[5] Basbøll (2005:61)

[FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199245-6] Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.

[FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-7] Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.

[FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-8] Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.

[FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-9] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.

[FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-10] Okada (1999), p. 117.

[FOOTNOTEOlsonMielkeSanicas-DagumanPebley2010206–207-11] Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.

[gitr-12] Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)

[FOOTNOTEJassem2003103-13] Jassem (2003), p. 103.

[FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-14] Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.

[15] DEX Online :

[FOOTNOTEPadgett200342-16] Padgett (2003), p. 42.

[FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199966-17] Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.

[FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255-18] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.

[FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-19] Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-20] Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

[FOOTNOTEMerrill2008108-21] Merrill (2008), p. 108.